Hydraulic fracturing

Definition

Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, is a technique used to extract oil and natural gas from underground rock formations by injecting high-pressure fluid into the rock. This process creates fractures in the rock, allowing hydrocarbons to flow more freely to the surface. The connection between hydraulic fracturing and kerogen lies in its ability to unlock hydrocarbons trapped in shale formations, which often contain kerogen, a precursor to oil and gas.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Hydraulic fracturing significantly increases the production of oil and gas from shale formations, leading to a boom in domestic energy supplies.
2. The process involves injecting millions of gallons of fracking fluid at high pressure, which can lead to concerns about groundwater contamination if not managed properly.
3. Fracking has been a key factor in the transition to natural gas as a cleaner energy source compared to coal, due to its lower carbon emissions when burned.
4. There are environmental concerns associated with hydraulic fracturing, including induced seismicity (earthquakes) and the management of wastewater produced during the process.
5. Technological advancements in hydraulic fracturing have made it possible to access previously unreachable hydrocarbon reserves, changing the landscape of energy production worldwide.

Review Questions

• How does hydraulic fracturing enable the extraction of hydrocarbons from shale formations?
  • Hydraulic fracturing enables the extraction of hydrocarbons from shale formations by injecting high-pressure fluid into the rock, creating fractures that allow oil and gas to flow more freely. This method is particularly effective in accessing kerogen-rich shales where traditional drilling methods would be insufficient. By increasing permeability within these formations, hydraulic fracturing unlocks vast reserves of hydrocarbons that would otherwise remain trapped underground.
• What are some environmental concerns associated with hydraulic fracturing, and how can these be mitigated?
  • Environmental concerns associated with hydraulic fracturing include groundwater contamination, air pollution, and induced seismicity. To mitigate these risks, companies can implement strict regulations regarding fluid composition, monitor water quality near fracking sites, and utilize advanced techniques to manage wastewater effectively. Additionally, employing proper site selection and best practices for well construction can help minimize environmental impacts.
• Evaluate the impact of hydraulic fracturing on energy production and its implications for global markets.
  • The impact of hydraulic fracturing on energy production has been profound, leading to a significant increase in domestic oil and gas supplies in countries like the United States. This surge has not only contributed to lower energy prices but has also reshaped global energy markets by increasing competition among traditional oil-producing nations. The shift towards natural gas as a cleaner alternative to coal has further implications for climate change efforts and energy policy worldwide, influencing international relations and economic strategies related to energy security.

Related terms

Kerogen: A complex organic matter found in sedimentary rocks, kerogen is the primary source of hydrocarbons when subjected to heat and pressure over geological time.

Shale Gas: Natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations, often extracted using hydraulic fracturing techniques to enhance production.

Fracking Fluid: A mixture of water, sand, and chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing to create fractures in rock formations and facilitate the extraction of hydrocarbons.