Cryptography
Birthday attacks are a type of cryptographic attack that exploit the mathematics behind the birthday paradox to find collisions in hash functions. The essence of this attack is that, due to the way probabilities work, it's easier to find two distinct inputs that produce the same hash value than one might intuitively expect, especially when dealing with secure hash algorithms like SHA. This has significant implications for the integrity and security of data, as it can potentially allow an attacker to forge documents or signatures by creating alternative inputs that yield the same hash output.
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