Subcultural Theory

Definition

Subcultural theory explains how specific social groups develop their own values, norms, and behaviors that differ from the mainstream culture, often in response to social, economic, or cultural pressures. This theory suggests that individuals within these subcultures may engage in criminal or deviant behavior as a means of achieving acceptance and identity among their peers, especially in contexts where conventional societal values fail to address their needs.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Subcultural theory was popularized by sociologist Albert Cohen in the 1950s, particularly in his work on delinquent subcultures.
2. Subcultures often arise in response to feelings of marginalization or frustration within larger societal structures, leading to alternative value systems.
3. Gang membership is frequently associated with subcultural theory, as gangs provide a sense of belonging and identity to individuals who feel disconnected from mainstream society.
4. Members of a subculture may adopt behaviors that are seen as deviant in broader society but are normalized within their group.
5. The theory emphasizes the importance of peer influence, suggesting that social groups can reinforce criminal behavior through shared norms and values.

Review Questions

• How does subcultural theory explain the formation of gangs and the behaviors associated with gang membership?
  • Subcultural theory suggests that gangs form as a response to social exclusion and economic disadvantage, providing members with a sense of identity and belonging. Within these gangs, members adopt specific norms and values that may include engaging in criminal activities as a way to gain acceptance. The gang culture reinforces behaviors that deviate from societal expectations, illustrating how subcultures can create their own codes of conduct that justify illegal actions among its members.
• Discuss how subcultural theory can be applied to understand patterns of violent behavior in certain social groups.
  • Subcultural theory provides insight into how certain social groups may normalize violent behavior due to shared beliefs and values. In communities where violence is prevalent or seen as a means of gaining respect or status, individuals may engage in aggressive actions that align with the group's expectations. This perspective highlights that violent behavior is not merely an individual choice but is influenced by the larger context of subcultural dynamics that shape perceptions of acceptable conduct.
• Evaluate the implications of subcultural theory on crime prevention strategies aimed at reducing gang involvement and violent behavior.
  • Evaluating the implications of subcultural theory reveals the need for targeted crime prevention strategies that address the root causes of gang involvement and violence. Programs should focus on providing alternatives for youth by fostering community engagement and creating supportive environments that promote positive identities. Understanding the values and pressures within specific subcultures allows for more effective interventions that counteract the appeal of gangs, aiming to reshape norms around acceptable behavior and reduce reliance on deviance for social acceptance.

Related terms

Deviance: Behavior that violates social norms or expectations, often categorized as criminal or unacceptable by the wider society.

Cultural Lag: The period of time it takes for society to adapt to new technologies or social changes, leading to disconnection between societal values and actual practices.

Socialization:

The process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their culture, shaping their behaviors and interactions.