Third law of thermodynamics

Definition

The third law of thermodynamics states that as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches a minimum value, which is typically taken to be zero. This principle highlights how entropy behaves at extremely low temperatures and emphasizes the unattainability of absolute zero in practical terms.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. At absolute zero, a perfect crystal would have an entropy of zero, which implies that it has only one microstate.
2. The third law indicates that it is impossible to reach absolute zero in a finite number of steps due to physical constraints.
3. This law has implications for the behavior of materials at low temperatures, influencing phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity.
4. The third law provides a reference point for calculating absolute entropies of substances at higher temperatures.
5. It helps explain why certain processes become less likely as systems cool down, leading to highly ordered states.

Review Questions

• How does the third law of thermodynamics define the behavior of entropy as temperature approaches absolute zero?
  • The third law of thermodynamics defines that as the temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal tends toward a minimum value, usually considered to be zero. This means that at absolute zero, there is only one microstate available to the system, indicating complete order. The implication is that systems become more structured and less disordered as they cool down towards this theoretical limit.
• Discuss the significance of absolute zero in relation to the third law of thermodynamics and its practical implications.
  • Absolute zero is significant in relation to the third law because it represents a temperature limit that cannot be reached by any physical process. The third law highlights that while we can approach absolute zero, complete attainment is impossible due to the nature of thermodynamic laws. Practically, this has implications for low-temperature physics and technologies like cryogenics, where understanding entropy and phase transitions becomes crucial.
• Evaluate how the third law of thermodynamics influences modern scientific research, particularly in fields like material science and quantum physics.
  • The third law of thermodynamics significantly influences modern scientific research by providing insights into the behavior of materials at low temperatures. In material science, it helps scientists understand phenomena such as superconductivity and magnetism at reduced temperatures. In quantum physics, it plays a role in exploring quantum states and transitions, influencing research on quantum computing and ultra-cold atoms. This understanding aids in developing new technologies that rely on manipulating materials at near-zero temperatures, showcasing the law's broad impact on contemporary science.

Related terms

Entropy:

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system, which tends to increase in natural processes.

Absolute Zero: The lowest possible temperature, 0 Kelvin or -273.15°C, where molecular motion reaches its minimum.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A state in which all parts of a system have reached the same temperature and pressure, resulting in no net flow of energy.