Hypertonic solution

Definition

A hypertonic solution is a type of solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, often leading to water moving out of a cell when the two are separated by a semipermeable membrane. This movement of water occurs through osmosis, which is a specific form of passive transport, and results in the cell losing water and potentially shrinking. Understanding hypertonic solutions is essential for grasping how cells interact with their environment and maintain homeostasis.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrivel or undergo plasmolysis in plant cells.
2. Hypertonic solutions can lead to dehydration in cells, which can affect their function and viability.
3. Examples of hypertonic solutions include saline solutions with high salt concentrations or sugar solutions that are more concentrated than the cellular cytoplasm.
4. Cells in hypertonic environments can trigger protective mechanisms to counteract the loss of water, such as accumulating solutes within the cell.
5. In medical scenarios, hypertonic saline solutions may be used to treat certain conditions like hyponatremia (low sodium levels), but must be administered carefully to avoid complications.

Review Questions

• How does a hypertonic solution affect cell structure and function during osmosis?
  • In a hypertonic solution, the higher concentration of solutes outside the cell causes water to move out through osmosis. This results in the cell losing water, leading to shrinkage or crenation in animal cells and plasmolysis in plant cells. The loss of water can disrupt cellular processes, impairing function and potentially causing cell death if not managed.
• Compare and contrast hypertonic solutions with isotonic solutions regarding their effects on cellular osmosis.
  • Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the cell's interior, causing water to exit the cell and potentially leading to cellular dehydration. In contrast, isotonic solutions have equal concentrations of solutes, resulting in no net movement of water, thereby maintaining cell volume and function. Understanding these differences is critical for applications like intravenous therapies where maintaining proper fluid balance is essential.
• Evaluate the physiological implications of administering hypertonic solutions in medical treatments, considering both benefits and risks.
  • Administering hypertonic solutions can effectively treat conditions such as hyponatremia by increasing sodium levels in the blood quickly. However, this treatment comes with risks like cellular dehydration and possible damage to tissues if done excessively or too rapidly. It's crucial for healthcare professionals to monitor patients closely to balance the therapeutic benefits against potential adverse effects on cellular health.

Related terms

Osmosis:

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Isotonic solution: A solution with an equal concentration of solutes compared to another solution, resulting in no net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Turgor pressure: The pressure exerted by the fluid inside the central vacuole against the cell wall, which is crucial for maintaining plant cell structure and rigidity.