Myriad genetics

Definition

Myriad Genetics is a biotechnology company known for its focus on molecular diagnostics, specifically in the field of genetic testing. The company gained attention due to its development of tests that assess genetic predispositions to certain diseases, including cancer. Its influence has raised important questions about patent law and ethics in biotechnology, particularly concerning the ownership of genetic information and the implications for patients and healthcare providers.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Myriad Genetics was at the center of a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 2013, which ruled that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented.
2. The company’s BRACAnalysis test was among the first genetic tests to identify mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer.
3. Myriad Genetics has faced criticism for its previous patent practices, which limited access to genetic testing and raised ethical concerns about patient rights and healthcare equity.
4. The ruling against Myriad Genetics has opened up the market for genetic testing, leading to increased competition and more affordable options for patients.
5. Myriad continues to innovate in genetic testing by developing tests for other hereditary cancers and complex diseases while navigating the changing landscape of patent law.

Review Questions

• How did Myriad Genetics influence the legal landscape surrounding genetic patents and what was the outcome of its landmark Supreme Court case?
  • Myriad Genetics significantly influenced the legal landscape concerning genetic patents through its involvement in a 2013 Supreme Court case. The Court ruled that naturally occurring genes could not be patented, which challenged Myriad’s previous claims to exclusive rights over BRCA gene testing. This ruling not only affected Myriad but also set a precedent that encouraged innovation and competition in genetic testing, ultimately benefitting patients with broader access to such tests.
• What ethical considerations have arisen from Myriad Genetics' patenting practices prior to the Supreme Court ruling?
  • Prior to the Supreme Court ruling, ethical considerations surrounding Myriad Genetics' patenting practices included issues of accessibility and equity in healthcare. By holding exclusive patents on certain genetic tests, Myriad restricted access for patients who needed testing for BRCA mutations, raising concerns about informed consent and patient autonomy. These practices prompted a broader discussion about whether companies should have ownership over human genes and the implications this has on patient care and rights.
• Evaluate the impact of Myriad Genetics on the future of biotechnology patent law and patient access to genetic testing.
  • The impact of Myriad Genetics on the future of biotechnology patent law is profound as it has paved the way for greater accessibility to genetic testing. The Supreme Court's decision against Myriad shifted the focus towards innovation without exclusive control over natural genes. As a result, more companies can develop similar tests, driving down costs and improving patient access. This evolution suggests that biotechnology may prioritize patient rights and ethical considerations alongside innovation, leading to a more equitable healthcare landscape.

Related terms

Molecular Diagnostics: A field of medicine that uses molecular biology techniques to diagnose diseases and determine the best course of treatment.

Genetic Testing: The analysis of DNA, RNA, chromosomes, or proteins to identify changes that may indicate a genetic disorder or increased risk for certain health conditions.

Patentability: The criteria under which an invention or discovery can be patented, including novelty, non-obviousness, and usefulness.