Biological Chemistry II

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Malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter

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Biological Chemistry II

Definition

The malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter is a membrane protein found in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitates the exchange of malate and α-ketoglutarate between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol. This transport process is crucial for maintaining metabolic balance, allowing for the efficient transfer of carbon skeletons during cellular respiration and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

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5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. The malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter operates on a principle of exchange, bringing malate into the mitochondria while exporting α-ketoglutarate out, which helps maintain metabolic homeostasis.
  2. Malate can be converted to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria, playing a key role in gluconeogenesis and energy production.
  3. This antiporter is essential for linking glycolysis in the cytosol with the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria, facilitating efficient energy production.
  4. The function of this antiporter can be influenced by various factors, including the concentration gradients of malate and α-ketoglutarate, as well as overall metabolic demands of the cell.
  5. Dysfunction in this transporter can lead to metabolic disorders, highlighting its importance in cellular energy metabolism and overall health.

Review Questions

  • How does the malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter contribute to maintaining metabolic balance within the cell?
    • The malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter contributes to metabolic balance by facilitating the exchange of malate and α-ketoglutarate between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix. This exchange allows for efficient carbon transfer during cellular respiration, linking glycolysis with the TCA cycle. By ensuring that these key metabolites are available in appropriate concentrations, this antiporter helps maintain energy production and overall cellular function.
  • Discuss the relationship between the malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter and gluconeogenesis.
    • The malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter plays a significant role in gluconeogenesis by transporting malate into the mitochondrial matrix, where it can be converted to oxaloacetate. This conversion is a crucial step in gluconeogenesis, as it allows for the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. By efficiently transferring malate and α-ketoglutarate across membranes, this antiporter supports metabolic pathways that are vital for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or low carbohydrate intake.
  • Evaluate the implications of impaired function of the malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter on cellular metabolism and health.
    • Impairment of the malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter can have serious implications for cellular metabolism, leading to disrupted energy production and metabolic dysregulation. When this transporter does not function correctly, it can hinder the exchange of key metabolites like malate and α-ketoglutarate, impacting the TCA cycle and resulting in reduced ATP synthesis. Such dysfunction can contribute to a variety of metabolic disorders, highlighting its critical role in maintaining energy homeostasis and overall cellular health.

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