Transcendentalism

Definition

Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the early 19th century, emphasizing the inherent goodness of people and nature, as well as the belief in a higher spiritual reality that transcends empirical observation. This movement valued individual intuition and direct experience over established doctrine and societal norms, leading to an exploration of self-reliance, connection with nature, and personal insight. Transcendentalism greatly influenced Romantic art and literature by inspiring themes of idealism, nature, and individualism.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Transcendentalism originated in New England during the 1830s, with key figures including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
2. Emerson's essay 'Nature' is considered a foundational text for Transcendentalist thought, promoting the idea that nature is a divine reflection of higher truths.
3. Thoreau's work 'Walden' exemplifies Transcendentalist principles by documenting his experiment in simple living amidst nature.
4. The movement encouraged a break from traditional religious beliefs, advocating for personal spirituality and direct experiences with the divine.
5. Transcendentalism also had a significant impact on social reform movements, including abolitionism and women's rights, as it championed individual rights and moral responsibility.

Review Questions

• How did Transcendentalist ideas influence Romantic art and literature during the 19th century?
  • Transcendentalist ideas significantly influenced Romantic art and literature by promoting themes of nature, emotion, and individual experience. Artists and writers were inspired to explore the connection between humanity and the natural world, often portraying nature as a source of inspiration and spiritual truth. This connection encouraged a focus on personal intuition over societal conventions, allowing for greater expression of individual feelings and ideals within artistic works.
• Discuss how Ralph Waldo Emerson’s concept of self-reliance aligns with Transcendentalist beliefs.
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson's concept of self-reliance aligns closely with Transcendentalist beliefs as it emphasizes the importance of individual intuition and personal autonomy. In his essay 'Self-Reliance,' Emerson argues that individuals should trust their instincts and be self-sufficient rather than conform to societal expectations. This idea embodies the core Transcendentalist belief that true understanding comes from within rather than through external influences or doctrines.
• Evaluate the impact of Transcendentalism on social reform movements in America during its time.
  • Transcendentalism had a profound impact on social reform movements in America during the 19th century by fostering ideals of individual rights, moral responsibility, and social justice. As Transcendentalists like Emerson and Thoreau advocated for personal integrity and spiritual awakening, these principles spilled over into movements such as abolitionism and women's rights. By encouraging people to act on their conscience and advocate for equality, Transcendentalism helped lay the groundwork for progressive social change during this transformative period in American history.

Related terms

Romanticism:

A cultural movement that prioritizes emotion, individualism, and the appreciation of nature, often in reaction to the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment.

Self-Reliance: An essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson that promotes the idea of individuals trusting their intuition and being self-sufficient.

Nature:

A central theme in Transcendentalist thought, representing both a source of inspiration and a reflection of spiritual truths.