Stratigraphy

Definition

Stratigraphy is the branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is crucial for understanding the chronological sequence of archaeological sites, as it helps researchers determine the relative ages of artifacts and features, revealing how different cultures and societies developed over time. The principles of stratigraphy also aid in analyzing the context of material culture, technology, daily life, and artifact conservation across various historical periods.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Stratigraphy is essential for establishing a chronological framework for archaeological sites by analyzing the sequence of layers.
2. Each layer or stratum can represent a different period of human activity or environmental change, making it a key to understanding cultural transitions.
3. The integrity of stratigraphic layers can be disrupted by natural processes or human activities, so careful excavation techniques are critical to preserve this information.
4. Stratigraphic analysis not only aids in dating artifacts but also helps in understanding the relationships between different cultural practices and technologies across time.
5. Artifacts found in the same stratigraphic layer are likely to have been used during the same time period, providing insights into daily life and societal organization.

Review Questions

• How does stratigraphy contribute to our understanding of chronological sequences in archaeological sites?
  • Stratigraphy allows archaeologists to analyze the layering of soil and artifacts at a site, which helps establish a timeline of human activity. By following the Law of Superposition, researchers can identify which layers are older or younger based on their position. This chronological framework is essential for interpreting how different cultures interacted with one another over time and how their material culture evolved.
• Discuss how stratigraphy impacts the analysis of material culture and technology among Native American societies.
  • Stratigraphy plays a critical role in analyzing the material culture and technology of Native American societies by revealing changes in artifact styles, usage, and manufacturing techniques over time. Different stratigraphic layers can indicate periods of technological innovation or cultural exchange. By examining these layers, researchers can identify shifts in resource use, trade relationships, and social organization within these communities.
• Evaluate the importance of stratigraphy in artifact conservation practices within archaeology.
  • Stratigraphy is vital for artifact conservation as it provides essential context for understanding each piece's significance and history. Artifacts are not just items; their value comes from their relationship to surrounding materials within specific layers. When conservators know where an artifact was found in relation to other finds, they can make more informed decisions about preservation methods, interpretation, and presentation to convey its cultural and historical importance accurately.

Related terms

Law of Superposition: This principle states that in undisturbed sedimentary layers, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top, providing a timeline for geological and archaeological records.

Context: Context refers to the relationship between artifacts and features within a site, including their location, association with other finds, and stratigraphic layer, which helps determine their significance.

Excavation:

Excavation is the process of systematically uncovering archaeological sites through careful digging and analysis, often revealing stratigraphic layers that inform about the historical context of findings.