Natural Law

Definition

Natural law refers to a system of moral principles and values that are believed to be inherent in human nature and universally applicable. It suggests that these laws are not created by humans but are discoverable through reason and observation of the natural world, influencing ethical conduct and legal systems. This concept is deeply rooted in both Roman legal thought and Greek philosophy, highlighting its importance in shaping modern legal frameworks and moral philosophy.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Natural law served as the foundation for Roman legal systems, influencing their concept of justice and rights.
2. The idea of natural law was heavily inspired by Greek philosophical traditions, particularly those of the Stoics, who believed in universal truths governing human behavior.
3. Cicero's writings emphasized that natural law is based on reason and is accessible to all humans, making it a cornerstone of Roman thought.
4. During the Enlightenment, natural law theories became integral to political philosophy, influencing ideas about human rights and governance.
5. Natural law continues to impact contemporary legal systems, especially in discussions about universal human rights and ethical standards.

Review Questions

• How does natural law relate to the development of legal systems in Ancient Rome?
  • Natural law was pivotal in the evolution of Roman legal systems, as it provided a philosophical foundation for concepts like justice, equity, and individual rights. Roman thinkers, including Cicero, argued that laws should reflect the inherent moral order found in nature. This led to a more structured approach to justice that went beyond mere custom or tradition, establishing principles that have influenced modern legal thought.
• In what ways did Greek philosophy shape Roman concepts of natural law?
  • Greek philosophy, particularly Stoicism, greatly influenced Roman ideas about natural law. Stoics argued for a universal moral order aligned with nature, which resonated with Roman philosophers like Cicero. This blending of Greek thought with Roman governance helped establish natural law as a guiding principle for ethical conduct and the justice system in Ancient Rome, emphasizing reason as a tool for discovering these universal truths.
• Evaluate the lasting significance of natural law in contemporary discussions about ethics and human rights.
  • Natural law has enduring relevance in modern debates surrounding ethics and human rights, serving as a foundational concept for arguments about universal moral standards. Its emphasis on inherent human dignity has influenced international human rights laws and declarations. By asserting that certain rights are intrinsic to all individuals regardless of jurisdiction, natural law continues to inform discussions about justice and morality across cultures and legal systems worldwide.

Related terms

Stoicism:

An ancient Greek philosophy that emphasizes virtue, reason, and self-control, asserting that living in accordance with nature leads to a good life.

Cicero:

A Roman statesman and philosopher who played a key role in articulating the principles of natural law, arguing that it is a reflection of universal reason and justice.

Positive Law: Laws that are enacted by a governing body, as opposed to natural law which is derived from moral reasoning and nature.