12.2 Viśiṣṭādvaita: Qualified non-dualism
2 min read•july 25, 2024
, founded by , teaches that reality is a unity of differentiated elements. This philosophy sees as the Ultimate Reality, qualified by conscious souls and unconscious matter, forming three fundamental principles: , , and .
In Viśiṣṭādvaita, individual souls are eternal and distinct from Brahman, yet inseparable. , or loving devotion to God, is the central path to liberation. This approach contrasts with Advaita 's emphasis on knowledge and the concept of an illusory world.
Key Concepts of Viśiṣṭādvaita
Concept of qualified non-dualism
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- Viśiṣṭādvaita philosophical school founded by Rāmānuja asserts reality as unity of differentiated elements
- Brahman (Ultimate Reality) qualified by cit (conscious souls) and acit (unconscious matter) forms core principle
- Three fundamental tattvas (principles) comprise Īśvara (Supreme Being), Cit (individual souls), Acit (matter)
- Organic relationship between Brahman and world posits world and souls as Brahman's body
- Brahman serves as both material and efficient cause of universe (clay and potter analogy)
- Rejects (illusion) doctrine of Advaita Vedānta emphasizes reality of world and individual souls
Individual soul vs Brahman
- (individual soul) eternal and distinct from Brahman possesses consciousness and knowledge
- Atomic in size (aṇu) jīva maintains inseparable but not identical relationship with Brahman ()
- Soul functions as mode () of Brahman exhibiting attributes of eternity (), knower (), agent (), enjoyer ()
- Jīva depends on Brahman for existence cannot exist separately
- Brahman acts as inner controller () of all souls
- Multiple unique individual souls exist in plurality
- Soul states include bound () subject to karma and rebirth and liberated () free from karma united with Brahman
Role of devotion in liberation
- Bhakti (loving devotion to God) central means of attaining liberation in Viśiṣṭādvaita
- Continuous remembrance of God surrender to divine will () cultivation of love characterize bhakti
- Stages progress through (selfless action) (knowledge and discrimination) (supreme devotion)
- Bhakti purifies mind removes ignorance leads to direct experience of Brahman
- God's grace () attained through bhakti removes karmic bonds
- Soul achieves union with Brahman while maintaining individuality
- Vedas and Āgamas serve as sources of knowledge temple worship and devotional practices emphasized
Viśiṣṭādvaita vs Advaita Vedānta
- Both philosophies based on Vedānta accept Brahman as ultimate reality aim for liberation from rebirth cycle
- Nature of Brahman differs Advaita posits Nirguṇa Brahman (without attributes) Viśiṣṭādvaita asserts Saguṇa Brahman (with attributes)
- World concept varies Advaita sees world as illusory (māyā) Viśiṣṭādvaita considers world real part of Brahman's body
- Individual soul (jīva) in Advaita identical with Brahman Viśiṣṭādvaita views it as distinct but inseparable
- Liberation path Advaita emphasizes knowledge (jñāna) Viśiṣṭādvaita prioritizes devotion (bhakti)
- Final liberation state Advaita teaches complete merger with Brahman Viśiṣṭādvaita maintains union while preserving individuality
- Upanishadic mahāvākyas interpreted differently Advaita takes literal identity ("Tat tvam asi" means "You are That") Viśiṣṭādvaita adopts qualified identity ("Tat tvam asi" means "You are of That")
Key Terms to Review (27)
Absolute Non-Dualism: Absolute non-dualism is a philosophical concept that asserts the oneness of existence, where there is no distinction between the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). This view emphasizes that all apparent differences in the universe are ultimately illusory, with the true nature of reality being a singular, unified whole. It connects closely to the idea of qualified non-dualism, where distinctions still exist but are integrated into a larger unity.
Acit: Acit refers to the concept of non-consciousness or insentience in the context of Indian philosophy, particularly within Viśiṣṭādvaita, which emphasizes the nature of reality as a qualified non-dualism. It highlights the distinction between the conscious self (cit) and the non-conscious aspects of reality, showcasing that while the Supreme Being is sentient, the material world and its constituents are devoid of consciousness, leading to a unique understanding of their relationship.
Antaryāmin: Antaryāmin refers to the inner controller or the divine essence residing within all beings, particularly in the context of Viśiṣṭādvaita philosophy. This concept highlights the personal and immanent nature of God, who is not only transcendent but also intimately involved in the lives of individual souls. It emphasizes the belief that God is both the source of creation and the inner guiding force within every entity, establishing a connection between the individual and the divine.
Aprthak-siddhi: Aprthak-siddhi refers to the concept of 'distinct existence' in Viśiṣṭādvaita, or Qualified Non-Dualism. It emphasizes that while everything is interconnected, individual entities possess distinct identities and existences that are not completely merged into a singular reality. This idea underlines the relationship between the individual soul (jīva) and the ultimate reality (Brahman), asserting that they are separate yet intrinsically linked.
Baddha: Baddha is a Sanskrit term that means 'bound' or 'conditioned', often referring to the state of being entangled in the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) due to ignorance and attachment. In the context of qualified non-dualism, it highlights the relationship between the individual soul (jiva) and the ultimate reality (Brahman), indicating how souls are trapped in a material existence yet maintain a connection to the divine through their inherent nature.
Bhakti: Bhakti refers to a devotional form of worship and love towards a personal god, emphasizing emotional connection and surrender over ritualistic practices. This term highlights the centrality of love and devotion in spiritual practice, which deeply influences various philosophical schools and traditions within Indian philosophy.
Bhakti yoga: Bhakti yoga is the spiritual practice of devotion and love towards a personal god, emphasizing the importance of faith and emotional connection in the journey towards spiritual liberation. This path focuses on surrendering oneself to the divine through worship, chanting, and service, making it distinct from other yogic practices that may prioritize knowledge or meditation. Bhakti yoga fosters a deep sense of connection and belonging, encouraging practitioners to see the divine presence in everything around them.
Bhoktā: In the context of Viśiṣṭādvaita, bhoktā refers to the individual soul or conscious being who experiences pleasure and pain in relation to the divine. This concept emphasizes the relationship between the soul and Brahman, the ultimate reality, illustrating that while the soul is distinct, it is also dependent on and interacts with the divine. Understanding bhoktā is crucial for grasping the dynamics of devotion and personal experience in this qualified non-dualism.
Brahman: Brahman is the ultimate, unchanging reality in Indian philosophy, representing the cosmic spirit or absolute consciousness that pervades everything. It serves as the foundation of existence and is closely tied to the concepts of Atman (the self) and the universe, influencing various philosophical traditions and schools of thought in India.
Cit: Cit is a Sanskrit term that translates to 'consciousness' or 'awareness' and plays a crucial role in the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita, or qualified non-dualism. In this philosophical framework, cit is viewed as the fundamental essence of reality, which unites the individual self (jīva) with the ultimate reality (Brahman). It emphasizes the relationship between the finite and the infinite, suggesting that while individual consciousness is distinct, it is also a reflection of the universal consciousness.
īśvara: īśvara refers to a personal deity or God in Hindu philosophy, specifically in the context of qualified non-dualism. This term emphasizes the relationship between the divine and individual souls, portraying īśvara as the ultimate reality that is distinct yet also immanent within the universe, reflecting a balance between monism and dualism.
Jīva: Jīva refers to the concept of a living soul or individual self in Indian philosophy, particularly within Jainism and Vedanta. It embodies consciousness and is distinct from the physical body, emphasizing the importance of spiritual liberation. In Jain metaphysics, jīva is seen as an eternal entity that undergoes cycles of birth and rebirth until it achieves liberation (moksha), while in Vedanta, it plays a critical role in understanding the relationship between the individual self and the ultimate reality (Brahman).
Jñāna yoga: Jñāna yoga is the path of knowledge and wisdom in Indian philosophy, focusing on self-inquiry and understanding the true nature of reality. It emphasizes the importance of discernment and insight in achieving spiritual liberation, enabling practitioners to realize their oneness with the ultimate reality. This approach is crucial in qualified non-dualism and is recognized as a vital means to attain Mokṣa, or liberation.
Jñātā: In Indian philosophy, jñātā refers to the 'knower' or 'the one who knows', indicating an essential aspect of consciousness and awareness in the context of knowledge. This term plays a significant role in understanding the relationship between the self and the ultimate reality, especially within the framework of Viśiṣṭādvaita, where it highlights the distinction between the individual soul and the Supreme Being, while still affirming their interconnectedness.
Karma yoga: Karma yoga is the path of selfless action in Hindu philosophy, where one dedicates their actions to the divine and acts without attachment to the fruits of their deeds. This concept emphasizes performing one's duty with dedication while remaining unattached to success or failure, which ultimately leads to spiritual growth and liberation. It is a crucial practice within the broader understanding of achieving Mokṣa, integrating action with devotion and self-discipline.
Kartā: Kartā refers to the concept of the doer or agent in philosophical discussions, especially within the framework of Viśiṣṭādvaita, which emphasizes qualified non-dualism. In this context, kartā is significant as it reflects the relationship between the individual soul and the ultimate reality, showcasing how individual actions contribute to the greater cosmic order while still being dependent on a higher power. Understanding kartā is crucial in grasping how one’s actions are perceived within this philosophical system, highlighting the balance between individual agency and divine influence.
Māyā: Māyā refers to the concept of illusion or the deceptive nature of the material world in Indian philosophy, particularly within Vedānta traditions. It describes how the ultimate reality, Brahman, is obscured by the transient and illusory nature of worldly phenomena, leading individuals to perceive duality and separation. Understanding māyā is crucial for realizing the non-dualistic nature of existence and for navigating the path to liberation.
Mukta: Mukta refers to the state of liberation or freedom from the cycle of birth and death, known as samsara, within the context of Indian philosophy. In Viśiṣṭādvaita, mukta is viewed as a soul that has attained moksha, which signifies union with the divine while still retaining individuality, emphasizing a relationship between the liberated soul and God.
Nitya: Nitya is a Sanskrit term that translates to 'eternal' or 'perpetual,' often referring to the unchanging and timeless aspects of reality. In Indian philosophy, it is contrasted with the transient and impermanent aspects of existence, emphasizing the importance of understanding what is eternal for spiritual liberation and ethical living. This concept connects deeply with discussions around duty and moral obligations, as well as metaphysical views on reality.
Prakāra: Prakāra refers to the concept of 'qualified' or 'particularized' forms within the philosophical framework of Viśiṣṭādvaita, which is a type of non-dualism that emphasizes the distinction between the ultimate reality and the individual souls. This term highlights the idea that while everything is interconnected in the ultimate sense, there are specific characteristics and differences among individual entities and the divine, allowing for both unity and diversity within existence.
Prapatti: Prapatti is a term in Indian philosophy that signifies total surrender or self-abandonment to a divine being, particularly in the context of the Bhakti tradition. This concept emphasizes relinquishing one's ego and seeking refuge in God's grace, which is essential for attaining liberation. It reflects a profound relationship between the devotee and the divine, where reliance on personal effort is replaced by complete trust in divine will.
Prasāda: Prasāda refers to the sacred food offered to deities during worship and then distributed to devotees as a blessing. In the context of qualified non-dualism, prasāda symbolizes the divine grace that comes from a personal relationship with the Supreme Being, often represented by God. It emphasizes the idea that while God is distinct from creation, He still engages with it, providing blessings and spiritual nourishment through prasāda.
Qualified non-dualism: Qualified non-dualism is a philosophical concept primarily found in the Viśiṣṭādvaita school of Vedānta that asserts a relationship between the individual soul and the ultimate reality (Brahman) where they are distinct yet interconnected. This view acknowledges both unity and diversity, suggesting that while the ultimate reality is one, it manifests through many forms and attributes. This framework emphasizes that the individual soul retains its identity while being a part of the larger, all-encompassing divine.
Rāmānuja: Rāmānuja was a prominent theologian and philosopher in Indian philosophy, known for his formulation of Viśiṣṭādvaita, or qualified non-dualism. He emphasized the distinction between the individual soul and the ultimate reality, advocating that while both are interconnected, they maintain their unique identities. His ideas challenged the more abstract non-dualism of earlier philosophers and laid the groundwork for devotional practices in Hinduism.
śrī bhāshya: The śrī bhāshya is a critical commentary on the Brahma Sutras authored by the philosopher Ramanuja, foundational to the Viśiṣṭādvaita or Qualified Non-Dualism school of thought. This text explains and interprets the sutras, emphasizing the relationship between the individual soul and the supreme reality, Brahman, which is both distinct and non-different from the individual souls.
Vedānta: Vedānta is a school of Indian philosophy that primarily focuses on the teachings found in the Upanishads, emphasizing the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate purpose of life. It explores profound concepts like Brahman (the ultimate reality) and Atman (the individual soul), and it is known for its diverse interpretations, including non-dualism and qualified non-dualism, which highlight its connections to other philosophical traditions.
Viśiṣṭādvaita: Viśiṣṭādvaita, or qualified non-dualism, is a philosophical system within Vedanta that asserts the unity of Brahman (the ultimate reality) while acknowledging the distinction between the individual soul (jiva) and Brahman. This approach holds that while all beings are part of Brahman, they maintain their individuality and differences in relation to the divine. Viśiṣṭādvaita emphasizes a personal relationship with God and recognizes that individual souls have their own unique characteristics.