🌿Intro to Environmental Science Unit 1 – Environmental Science: Intro & Sustainability
Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field studying the environment and addressing ecological challenges. It encompasses ecology, ecosystems, biodiversity, and sustainability, balancing human needs with environmental protection. The field explores global issues like climate change and biodiversity loss.
Key environmental challenges include climate change, deforestation, pollution, and soil degradation. Sustainability aims to meet present needs without compromising future generations, focusing on economic development, social progress, and environmental conservation. Concepts like circular economy and ecological footprint help measure human impact.
Environmental science interdisciplinary field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences to study the environment and address environmental problems
Ecology scientific study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
Ecosystem community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment (forest, desert, coral reef)
Biosphere global sum of all ecosystems on Earth
Consists of the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships
Biodiversity variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
Includes diversity within species, between species, and between ecosystems
Sustainability meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Balances economic, social, and environmental considerations
Anthropocene proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems (industrial revolution)
Environmental Challenges
Climate change long-term change in global or regional climate patterns attributed largely to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuels
Impacts include rising sea levels, more frequent and intense extreme weather events, and shifts in plant and animal ranges
Deforestation permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest (agriculture, urbanization, mining)
Contributes to biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and climate change
Air pollution introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms
Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide
Water pollution contamination of water bodies (lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, groundwater)
Point source pollution comes from specific, identifiable sources (factories, sewage treatment plants, oil tankers)
Nonpoint source pollution comes from many diffuse sources (agricultural runoff, debris blown into waterways from land)
Soil degradation decline in soil condition caused by improper use or poor management (overgrazing, overexploitation, chemical contamination)
Leads to soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, and desertification
Biodiversity loss extinction of species worldwide due to human activities
Major causes include habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change
Sustainability Basics
Three pillars of sustainability economic development, social development, and environmental protection
Sustainable solutions must balance and integrate all three pillars
Sustainable development development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Circular economy economic system aimed at eliminating waste and promoting continual use of resources
Follows the 3 R's: reduce, reuse and recycle
Life cycle assessment technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life (raw material extraction, materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, disposal or recycling)
Cradle-to-cradle design biomimetic approach to product and system design that models industry on nature's processes
Considers materials as nutrients circulating in healthy, safe metabolisms
Ecological footprint measure of human demand on nature, assessing how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes
Carbon footprint total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent
Human Impact
Population growth increase in the number of individuals in a population over time
Exponential growth occurs when population increases at an increasing rate (J-shaped curve)
Logistic growth occurs when population levels off due to limiting factors (S-shaped curve)
Urbanization population shift from rural to urban areas and the resulting increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Urban sprawl uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural lands
Industrialization development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
Associated with increased fossil fuel consumption, pollution, and resource depletion
Consumerism social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts
Drives unsustainable resource extraction and waste generation
Ecological overshoot when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem
Earth Overshoot Day marks the date when humanity's demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year
Tragedy of the commons economic problem in which individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good by depleting or spoiling a shared resource
Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Biotic factors living components of an ecosystem (plants, animals, microorganisms)
Abiotic factors non-living chemical and physical components of an ecosystem (sunlight, temperature, moisture, soil or water chemistry)
Food chain linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another
Trophic levels positions organisms occupy in a food chain (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers)
Food web system of interlocking and interdependent food chains
Bioaccumulation increase in concentration of a substance in an organism over time, as the organism absorbs the substance at a rate faster than it is lost
Biomagnification increasing concentration of a substance as it passes up a food chain
Keystone species species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically (sea otter, elephant, wolf)
Invasive species non-native species that can cause ecological or economic harm in a new environment where it is not native
Outcompete native species for resources and disrupt ecosystems (kudzu, zebra mussels, Burmese pythons)
Endangered species species at risk of extinction in the near future
Threatened species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
Resource Management
Natural resources materials or substances occurring in nature which can be exploited for economic gain
Renewable resources replenished naturally on human timescales (sunlight, wind, rain, tides, plants, animals)
Non-renewable resources do not regenerate in a short time period (fossil fuels, mineral ores, groundwater in certain aquifers)
Sustainable yield ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain ecosystem services
Maximum sustainable yield largest yield/catch that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period
Used in forestry, fisheries and natural resource management
Overharvesting harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns
Leads to resource depletion, lower regeneration capacity, and potential extinction (overfishing, deforestation)
Fossil fuels hydrocarbon-containing natural resources formed from the remains of ancient living organisms (coal, petroleum, natural gas)
Burning fossil fuels is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities
Renewable energy useful energy derived from replenishable sources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass)
Clean energy renewable energy sources that have minimal environmental impact (solar, wind)
Policy and Solutions
Environmental policy official statement of intent to manage human activities with a view to prevent, reduce or mitigate harmful effects on nature and natural resources
Aims to protect the environment for future generations while interfacing with economic, social and political concerns
Carbon tax fee imposed on the burning of carbon-based fuels (coal, oil, gas)
Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by making carbon-intensive processes more expensive
Cap and trade market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing emissions
Government sets a cap on total emissions and issues a fixed number of emission permits which can then be traded
Renewable portfolio standard regulation that requires increased production of energy from renewable sources (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal)
Aims to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and associated emissions
Green building practice of creating structures using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle
Considerations include siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction
Sustainable transportation solutions that reduce negative environmental impacts of transportation (public transit, electric vehicles, bicycling, walking)
Aims to reduce fossil fuel consumption, air pollution, and urban sprawl
Environmental education process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment
Develops skills and expertise to address complex environmental issues and fosters attitudes, motivations, and commitments to make informed decisions
Future Outlook
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed as a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all"
Adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Paris Agreement legally binding international treaty on climate change adopted by 196 Parties in 2015
Goal to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels
Green economy low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive economy
Aims to improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities
Circular economy economic system aimed at eliminating waste and promoting continual use of resources
Based on the principles of designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems
Renewable energy transition ongoing transformation of the global energy sector from fossil-based to zero-carbon
Key to addressing climate change, reducing pollution, and creating sustainable economic growth
Environmental justice fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies
Aims to address the disproportionate environmental burdens borne by low-income communities and communities of color
Sustainable cities and communities urban areas designed with consideration for environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution and water pollution
Incorporate green space, renewable energy, sustainable transportation, sustainable waste management, and other environmentally friendly practices