📜Intro to Political Science
4 min read•Last Updated on June 18, 2024
Regional IGOs like NATO, EU, AU, ASEAN, and OAS play crucial roles in shaping global politics. These organizations promote cooperation, security, and economic integration among member states, addressing regional challenges and fostering unity within their respective areas.
NATO and the EU exemplify how regional IGOs evolve to meet changing needs. While NATO focuses on collective defense and security, the EU aims for economic and political integration. Both have expanded their roles and membership over time, adapting to new global challenges.
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The African Union (AU) is a continental organization consisting of 55 member states located on the African continent. It was established to promote unity, solidarity, and cooperation among the peoples of Africa, as well as to address the political, economic, and social challenges facing the continent.
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The African Union (AU) is a continental organization consisting of 55 member states located on the African continent. It was established to promote unity, solidarity, and cooperation among the peoples of Africa, as well as to address the political, economic, and social challenges facing the continent.
Term 1 of 52
NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a political and military alliance formed in 1949 to promote collective security and defense among its member states. It serves as a key actor in the international system, contributing to global governance and regional cooperation.
Collective Defense: The principle that an attack on one member state is considered an attack on all, requiring a coordinated military response from the alliance.
Intergovernmental Organization (IGO): An organization composed of sovereign states, formed to promote cooperation and address issues of common interest among its members.
Sovereignty: The supreme authority of a state to govern its own affairs, free from external interference or control.
ASEAN, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a regional intergovernmental organization that promotes economic, political, and social cooperation among its member states in Southeast Asia. It plays a significant role in contributing to global governance through its various initiatives and partnerships.
Regional IGO: A regional intergovernmental organization is an international organization whose membership is limited to countries within a specific geographic region.
Global Governance: The complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens, and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, rights and obligations are established, and differences are mediated.
Multilateralism: The practice of coordinating national policies in groups of three or more states, through international organizations and international regimes.
NATO is a military alliance formed in 1949 comprising 30 member countries from North America and Europe committed to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. It plays a significant role in international peacekeeping, crisis management, and promoting democratic values across member states.
Collective Security: A system in which states agree to take joint action against threats to peace and attacks against any member state.
Article 5: The clause within the NATO treaty that commits members to consider an armed attack against one or more of them as an attack against all, requiring collective defense actions.
Peacekeeping Operations: Military or civilian operations intended to maintain peace and security in post-conflict areas or regions experiencing instability, often under the auspices of international organizations like the United Nations
Collective security is a system designed by a group of nations to prevent aggression by any one member against another, ensuring mutual protection. It relies on the principle that an attack on one is considered an attack on all, necessitating joint action to repel the aggressor.
United Nations: An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): A military alliance formed in 1949 based on the principle of collective defense, where an armed attack against one or more of its members is considered an attack against all.
Non: Aligned Movement - A group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc, focusing on sovereignty, territorial integrity, and independence in global affairs
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It aims to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.
Single Market: A system allowing the unrestricted movement of goods, services, capital, and people within the European Union.
Eurozone: The group of European Union countries that have adopted the euro as their official currency.
Schengen Area: An area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished all passport and other types of border control at their mutual borders
The Schengen Area is a group of 26 European countries that have abolished their internal borders, allowing for the free and unrestricted movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the region. It is a significant example of a regional intergovernmental organization (IGO) contributing to global governance.
Schengen Agreement: The international agreement signed in 1985 that established the Schengen Area and its policies, including the abolition of internal border controls and the creation of a common external border.
Schengen Information System (SIS): A database used by Schengen member countries to share information on individuals and objects, such as wanted persons or stolen vehicles, to maintain security within the Schengen Area.
Visa Information System (VIS): A database that allows Schengen member countries to exchange data on short-stay visa applications, helping to facilitate the movement of people within the Schengen Area.
Regional integration refers to the process of structuring cooperation and coordination between neighboring countries or nations within a specific geographic region. It involves the gradual elimination of barriers to the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people across national borders, leading to the creation of a more cohesive and interconnected economic and political unit.
Supranational Organization: A supranational organization is an international organization or union where member states delegate authority to the organization, granting it the power to make decisions that bind the member states, such as the European Union.
Economic Integration: Economic integration is a type of regional integration that involves the reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of economic policies among countries within a specific geographic region, with the goal of increasing economic efficiency and interdependence.
Intergovernmentalism: Intergovernmentalism is a model of decision-making in regional integration where member states retain significant control over the decision-making process, with the regional organization serving primarily as a forum for interstate negotiations and cooperation.
The African Union (AU) is a continental organization consisting of 55 member states located on the African continent. It was established to promote unity, solidarity, and cooperation among the peoples of Africa, as well as to address the political, economic, and social challenges facing the continent.
Regional Intergovernmental Organization (IGO): An intergovernmental organization that operates within a specific geographic region, such as the African Union, to address regional issues and promote cooperation among member states.
Supranational Organization: An international organization that has authority and influence that transcends individual nation-states, allowing it to make decisions and take actions that are binding on its member states.
Collective Security: A system where member states agree to come to the defense of any member state that is attacked, with the goal of preventing and resolving conflicts through collective action.
The Organization of American States (OAS) is a regional intergovernmental organization that brings together the countries of the Western Hemisphere to promote democracy, human rights, security, and development. It serves as a platform for regional cooperation and dialogue, contributing to global governance through its role as a regional IGO.
Regional Intergovernmental Organization (Regional IGO): A regional intergovernmental organization is an international organization composed of states from a particular geographic region, formed to promote cooperation and address issues of common concern within that region.
Global Governance: Global governance refers to the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens, and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, rights and obligations are established, and differences are mediated.
Collective Security: Collective security is a system of security where states agree to collectively defend any member state from external aggression, in order to maintain peace and security within the group.
The North Atlantic Council is the principal political decision-making body of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), responsible for the implementation of the North Atlantic Treaty. It oversees the political and military aspects of security and defense within the NATO alliance, contributing to global governance through regional cooperation.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): A political and military alliance established in 1949 to promote collective security and defense among its member states in North America and Europe.
Collective Security: A system of security where states agree to collectively defend each other against any aggressor, promoting regional and global stability.
Regional Intergovernmental Organization (IGO): An organization composed of member states from a specific geographic region, working together to address common issues and promote cooperation.
The Military Committee is a key component within regional intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) that contributes to global governance by coordinating military policies and strategies among member states to address regional and international security challenges.
Regional IGOs: Intergovernmental organizations that are formed by countries within a specific geographic region to promote cooperation and address shared concerns.
Global Governance: The collective management of common affairs and challenges at the global level, involving various actors such as states, international organizations, and civil society.
Security Cooperation: The coordination of military and defense policies and activities among countries to enhance regional and international security.
The European Council is a key institution of the European Union that brings together the heads of state or government of the EU member states. It is responsible for providing the European Union with the necessary impetus for its development and defining its general political directions and priorities.
European Union (EU): The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. It is the world's largest single market and one of the most influential global actors.
Intergovernmental Organization (IGO): An intergovernmental organization is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states, or of other intergovernmental organizations. IGOs are formed by treaties that act as a charter creating the group.
Global Governance: Global governance refers to the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, rights and obligations are established, and differences are mediated.
The European Commission is the executive branch of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties, and managing the day-to-day business of the EU. It plays a central role in contributing to global governance through its participation in various regional intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).
European Union (EU): A political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe, with the aim of promoting peace, its values, and the well-being of its citizens.
Intergovernmental Organization (IGO): An organization composed primarily of sovereign states, or of other IGOs, established by a treaty or other agreement that acts on the collective interest of the member states.
Global Governance: The complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens, and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, rights and obligations are established, and differences are mediated.
The European Parliament is the directly elected legislative body of the European Union, responsible for drafting, amending, and approving EU legislation. It serves as a key component of the EU's system of regional governance, contributing to the overall global governance structure.
European Union (EU): A political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe, established to promote peace, its values, and the well-being of its citizens.
Supranational Organization: An international organization where member states delegate a portion of their sovereignty to the organization, allowing it to make decisions independently of national governments.
Intergovernmental Organization (IGO): An organization composed primarily of sovereign states, where the member states retain full sovereignty and the organization acts on their behalf.
The Council of the European Union, also known as the Council or the Council of Ministers, is the institution representing the member states of the European Union. It is one of the main decision-making bodies of the EU, playing a crucial role in the legislative process and contributing to the EU's global governance.
European Union (EU): The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. It is a supranational organization that aims to promote cooperation and integration among its members.
European Commission: The European Commission is the executive branch of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties, and managing the day-to-day operations of the EU.
European Parliament: The European Parliament is the legislative branch of the European Union, directly elected by the citizens of the EU member states. It shares the legislative and budgetary responsibilities with the Council of the European Union.
The Court of Justice of the European Union is the judicial branch of the European Union responsible for interpreting and applying EU law. It ensures the uniform application and interpretation of EU law across all member states.
European Union: The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. It is governed by supranational and intergovernmental institutions.
EU Law: EU law comprises the body of treaties, legislation, and court decisions that have direct or indirect legal effect on the member states of the European Union.
Preliminary Rulings: Preliminary rulings are a procedure in EU law where national courts can refer questions on the interpretation of EU law to the Court of Justice for a binding decision.
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a regional agricultural policy of the European Union that aims to provide farmers with a reasonable standard of living, consumers with quality food at fair prices, and to preserve rural heritage. It is a comprehensive system of subsidies and programs that regulates the production, trade, and marketing of agricultural products within the EU.
Pillar I: The first pillar of the CAP, which provides direct payments to farmers and market measures to regulate agricultural markets.
Pillar II: The second pillar of the CAP, which focuses on rural development measures such as environmental protection, diversification, and support for small farmers.
Subsidies: Financial assistance provided by the government to farmers and agricultural producers to support their income and production.
The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is a framework for the European Union's joint decision-making and action in the areas of foreign affairs and defense. It aims to enable the EU to speak with one voice on the global stage and to promote its values and interests worldwide.
European Union (EU): A political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe, with the goal of promoting peace, its values, and the well-being of its citizens.
Intergovernmental Cooperation: A method of decision-making within the EU where member states retain a high degree of control and unanimity is required for major decisions, as opposed to the supranational approach.
Qualified Majority Voting (QMV): A voting system used in the Council of the EU where a majority of member states, representing a minimum percentage of the total EU population, is required to pass legislation, rather than unanimous agreement.
Global governance encompasses the various cooperative and regulatory mechanisms, policies, and institutions that help manage and solve worldwide issues. It involves international actors such as states, international organizations, and civil society working together to address global challenges like climate change, poverty, and peacekeeping.
International Law: A set of rules generally accepted as binding in relations between states and nations to regulate their conduct and facilitate international cooperation.
United Nations (UN): An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries worldwide.
Non: Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - Independent organizations that operate globally or locally to address social, political, environmental, or economic issues without direct government control
Sovereignty refers to the supreme and independent authority of a state or political entity to govern itself and its territory without external interference or control. It is a fundamental concept in political science that underpins the power and legitimacy of governments and their ability to make decisions and enforce laws within their borders.
Westphalian Sovereignty: The principle of international relations that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, with no external interference.
Popular Sovereignty: The idea that the ultimate source of a government's authority and legitimacy derives from the will and consent of the people.
Absolute Sovereignty: The notion that a state's sovereignty is unlimited and not subject to any higher authority or constraints.
Multilateralism refers to the practice of coordinating policies and actions among multiple countries or international organizations to address global issues and challenges. It involves the cooperation of three or more nations in the pursuit of common goals or the management of shared concerns.
Globalization: The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, facilitated by the rapid exchange of ideas, people, goods, and services across national borders.
International Cooperation: The voluntary collaboration between two or more countries to achieve shared objectives, often through the establishment of formal agreements, treaties, or international organizations.
Collective Security: A system where countries agree to work together to maintain peace and security, often through the pooling of resources and the joint response to threats or aggression.
Global governance encompasses the various cooperative and regulatory mechanisms, policies, and institutions that help manage and solve worldwide issues. It involves international actors such as states, international organizations, and civil society working together to address global challenges like climate change, poverty, and peacekeeping.
International Law: A set of rules generally accepted as binding in relations between states and nations to regulate their conduct and facilitate international cooperation.
United Nations (UN): An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries worldwide.
Non: Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - Independent organizations that operate globally or locally to address social, political, environmental, or economic issues without direct government control
International law encompasses rules and norms governing the behavior of states and international entities in their interactions with each other. It aims to facilitate cooperation, resolve conflicts, and establish a framework for international relations.
Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself without external interference.
Diplomacy: The practice by which nations conduct negotiations and manage relationships through dialogue to achieve mutual benefits.
Treaty: A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states that is recognized and enforceable under international law
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations driven by the expansion of international trade, investment, and communication. It is a multifaceted process that has profound implications across various aspects of political, economic, and social life.
Neoliberalism: An economic and political ideology that emphasizes free market capitalism, privatization, and reduced government intervention as the keys to economic growth and development.
Transnational Corporations: Large, multinational companies that operate in multiple countries and have significant influence over the global economy.
Cosmopolitanism: A worldview that embraces the idea of a shared global community and the equal moral worth of all human beings, regardless of their national or cultural affiliations.