Glossary

4.5 Disclosure and transparency

12 min read•august 19, 2024

Disclosure and transparency are vital in financial reporting, ensuring trust in markets and informed decision-making. They provide stakeholders with relevant, reliable information to assess an entity's performance and prospects. This topic explores the importance, objectives, and types of disclosures.

Regulatory requirements, qualitative characteristics of useful information, and specific disclosure areas are examined. The notes cover financial statements, management analysis, accounting policies, segment reporting, related parties, risks, , and ESG factors. Challenges in achieving transparency are also discussed.

Importance of disclosure and transparency

  • Disclosure and transparency are crucial for maintaining trust and confidence in financial markets and ensuring the efficient allocation of resources
  • Providing relevant, reliable, and timely information allows investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions about allocating their resources
  • Transparency promotes accountability, reduces information asymmetry, and helps prevent fraudulent activities or misleading financial reporting practices

Objectives of financial reporting

Providing decision-useful information

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  • Financial reporting aims to provide information that is useful for making economic decisions, such as investing, lending, or entering into contracts
  • Decision-useful information helps users assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of future cash flows and the entity's financial position
  • This information should be relevant, reliable, comparable, and understandable to meet the needs of various stakeholders

Ensuring accountability and stewardship

  • Financial reporting serves as a means of holding management accountable for their stewardship of the entity's resources
  • It allows shareholders and other stakeholders to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of management in utilizing the entity's assets and generating returns
  • Accountability and stewardship are essential for maintaining the trust and confidence of stakeholders in the entity's governance and decision-making processes

Regulatory requirements for disclosure

Mandatory disclosure rules

  • Regulatory bodies, such as securities commissions and accounting standard-setters, establish mandatory disclosure requirements to ensure a minimum level of transparency
  • These requirements cover various aspects of financial reporting, such as financial statements, , and other regulatory filings
  • Mandatory disclosures aim to provide a consistent and comparable basis for assessing an entity's financial performance and position

Voluntary disclosure practices

  • Entities may choose to provide additional information beyond the mandatory requirements to enhance their transparency and communicate with stakeholders
  • Voluntary disclosures can include non-financial information, such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, or more detailed breakdowns of financial information
  • Voluntary disclosures allow entities to differentiate themselves, build trust with stakeholders, and provide a more comprehensive picture of their operations and strategies

Types of disclosures

Financial statement disclosures

  • provide additional information and explanations to support the figures presented in the primary financial statements (, , )
  • These disclosures include , which explain the accounting policies, assumptions, and estimates used in preparing the financial statements
  • Financial statement disclosures help users understand the underlying transactions, events, and conditions that impact the entity's financial performance and position

Management discussion and analysis

  • Management discussion and analysis (MD&A) is a narrative report that accompanies the financial statements and provides management's perspective on the entity's performance, financial condition, and future prospects
  • MD&A discusses the significant factors that affected the entity's results, such as changes in the business environment, strategic initiatives, and risk factors
  • This disclosure helps users gain insights into management's decision-making process and the entity's future outlook

Other regulatory filings

  • Entities may be required to make additional regulatory filings, such as annual reports, proxy statements, or prospectuses, depending on their jurisdiction and the nature of their operations
  • These filings provide information on various aspects of the entity, such as its business model, competitive landscape, risk factors, and corporate governance practices
  • Other regulatory filings complement the financial statements and MD&A, providing a more comprehensive view of the entity's operations and compliance with relevant regulations

Qualitative characteristics of useful information

Relevance and materiality

  • Relevance refers to the ability of information to influence the economic decisions of users by helping them evaluate past, present, or future events or confirming or correcting their past evaluations
  • is a sub-characteristic of relevance and relates to the significance of an item or information in the context of the financial statements as a whole
  • Information is considered material if its omission or misstatement could influence the decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements

Faithful representation

  • Faithful representation means that the information presented in the financial statements accurately depicts the economic phenomena it purports to represent
  • To be a faithful representation, information must be complete, neutral, and free from error
  • Completeness ensures that all necessary information is included, neutrality requires the absence of bias, and freedom from error implies that there are no omissions or misstatements

Comparability and consistency

  • Comparability enables users to identify and understand similarities and differences between items in the financial statements, both within a single entity over time and across different entities
  • Consistency refers to the use of the same accounting policies and procedures, either from period to period within an entity or in a single period across entities
  • Comparability and consistency allow users to make meaningful comparisons and assess the relative performance and financial position of entities

Verifiability and timeliness

  • Verifiability means that different knowledgeable and independent observers could reach consensus that a particular depiction is a faithful representation
  • Verifiability provides assurance to users that the information presented is reliable and can be depended upon for decision-making purposes
  • Timeliness refers to the availability of information to decision-makers in time to be capable of influencing their decisions
  • Timely information is more useful for decision-making purposes, as it allows users to take action based on current and relevant data

Disclosure of accounting policies

Measurement bases used

  • Entities should disclose the measurement bases used in preparing the financial statements, such as historical cost, fair value, or present value
  • The choice of measurement basis can significantly impact the reported amounts and the interpretation of financial information
  • Disclosing the measurement bases helps users understand the underlying assumptions and methodologies used in the preparation of the financial statements

Significant judgments and estimates

  • Entities should disclose the significant judgments and estimates made by management in applying the accounting policies and preparing the financial statements
  • These judgments and estimates may relate to areas such as the useful lives of assets, impairment assessments, provisions, or fair value measurements
  • Disclosing significant judgments and estimates allows users to assess the subjectivity and potential variability in the reported amounts and make informed decisions

Changes in accounting policies

  • Entities should disclose any changes in accounting policies, along with the reasons for the change and its impact on the financial statements
  • Changes in accounting policies can arise from the adoption of new accounting standards, voluntary changes to provide more relevant information, or corrections of prior period errors
  • Disclosing changes in accounting policies ensures that users are aware of the comparability and consistency of the financial information over time

Segment reporting disclosures

Operating segments

  • Entities should disclose information about their , which are components of the entity that engage in business activities from which they may earn revenues and incur expenses
  • Operating segment disclosures include information such as revenue, profit or loss, assets, and liabilities for each reportable segment
  • Segment reporting allows users to understand the entity's performance and financial position in different areas of its operations and assess the risks and opportunities associated with each segment

Geographic information

  • Entities should disclose about their revenues and non-current assets, broken down by country or region
  • Geographic information helps users understand the entity's exposure to different economic, political, and regulatory environments
  • This information is particularly relevant for entities with significant international operations or those that derive a substantial portion of their revenues from specific regions

Major customers

  • Entities should disclose information about their if revenues from transactions with a single external customer amount to 10% or more of the entity's total revenues
  • Disclosing information about major customers helps users assess the entity's reliance on specific customers and the potential risks associated with customer concentration
  • This information is important for evaluating the sustainability and stability of the entity's revenue streams
  • Entities should disclose the nature of their related party relationships, including the identity of the related parties and the nature of their relationship with the entity
  • Related parties can include subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures, key management personnel, or entities under common control
  • Disclosing the allows users to understand the potential influence and conflicts of interest that may arise from these relationships

Types of transactions

  • Entities should disclose the that have been entered into with related parties, such as sales, purchases, loans, or guarantees
  • Related party transactions may be conducted on terms that differ from those available to unrelated parties and can have a significant impact on the entity's financial performance and position
  • Disclosing the types of related party transactions helps users assess the nature and extent of the entity's dealings with related parties

Amounts involved

  • Entities should disclose the in related party transactions, including the value of transactions, outstanding balances, and any provisions for doubtful debts or bad debts
  • Disclosing the amounts involved in related party transactions allows users to quantify the financial impact of these transactions on the entity
  • This information is important for assessing the materiality of related party transactions and their potential effect on the entity's financial statements

Risk disclosures

Financial risk management

  • Entities should disclose information about their policies and practices, including the nature of the risks they are exposed to and how they manage those risks
  • Financial risks can include (currency risk, interest rate risk, and price risk), , and
  • Disclosing financial risk management information helps users understand the entity's risk profile and the strategies employed to mitigate those risks

Market, credit, and liquidity risks

  • Entities should provide specific disclosures on their exposure to market, credit, and liquidity risks
  • Market risk disclosures include showing the impact of changes in relevant risk variables (exchange rates, interest rates, commodity prices) on the entity's financial performance and position
  • Credit risk disclosures include information on the entity's maximum exposure to credit risk, the credit quality of financial assets, and any collateral held
  • Liquidity risk disclosures include a maturity analysis of financial liabilities and information on how the entity manages its liquidity risk

Sensitivity analysis

  • Entities should provide sensitivity analysis to demonstrate the impact of changes in key assumptions or risk factors on their financial performance and position
  • Sensitivity analysis can be presented in the form of a range of reasonably possible alternative assumptions or by showing the effect of specific changes in risk variables
  • Sensitivity analysis helps users assess the potential variability in the entity's results and the robustness of its risk management strategies

Corporate governance disclosures

Board composition and independence

  • Entities should disclose information about the composition of their board of directors, including the number of independent directors and the criteria used to determine independence
  • are important factors in assessing the effectiveness of the entity's corporate governance practices and the ability of the board to provide objective oversight
  • Disclosing board composition and independence allows users to evaluate the balance of skills, experience, and independence on the board

Executive compensation

  • Entities should disclose information about the compensation of their key management personnel, including salaries, bonuses, share-based payments, and other benefits
  • disclosures help users understand the incentives and alignment of interests between management and shareholders
  • This information is important for assessing the appropriateness and fairness of executive compensation and its potential impact on the entity's performance and decision-making

Ownership structure

  • Entities should disclose information about their , including the identity of significant shareholders and the percentage of shares held by each
  • Ownership structure disclosures help users understand the concentration of control and the potential influence of significant shareholders on the entity's governance and decision-making
  • This information is relevant for assessing the alignment of interests between shareholders and management and the potential for conflicts of interest

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures

Sustainability reporting frameworks

  • Entities may choose to report on their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance using various , such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) or the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)
  • Sustainability reporting frameworks provide guidance on the disclosure of non-financial information related to an entity's environmental impact, social responsibility, and governance practices
  • Adopting a sustainability reporting framework helps entities provide consistent, comparable, and reliable ESG information to stakeholders
  • Entities should consider providing , as recommended by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)
  • Climate-related financial disclosures include information on the entity's governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets related to climate change
  • These disclosures help users assess the entity's exposure to climate-related risks and opportunities and its resilience to the potential impacts of climate change

Social responsibility and ethical practices

  • Entities should disclose information about their , including their approach to human rights, labor standards, diversity and inclusion, and community engagement
  • Social responsibility and ethical practice disclosures demonstrate the entity's commitment to sustainable and responsible business practices and its consideration of stakeholder interests
  • This information is important for assessing the entity's reputation, social license to operate, and long-term sustainability

Integrated reporting

Linking financial and non-financial information

  • is an approach that combines financial and non-financial information to provide a holistic view of an entity's performance, value creation, and future prospects
  • Integrated reporting aims to demonstrate the interconnectedness of an entity's strategy, governance, performance, and prospects in the context of its external environment
  • By linking financial and non-financial information, integrated reporting helps users understand how an entity creates value over the short, medium, and long term

Value creation process

  • Integrated reporting focuses on the entity's , which encompasses the resources and relationships used and affected by the entity (referred to as "capitals")
  • The capitals can include financial, manufactured, intellectual, human, social and relationship, and natural capital
  • Disclosing information about the value creation process helps users understand how the entity transforms inputs into outputs and outcomes and creates value for itself and its stakeholders

Future outlook and strategy

  • Integrated reporting should include information about the entity's , including its short, medium, and long-term objectives and the actions it intends to take to achieve them
  • Disclosing future outlook and strategy helps users assess the entity's ability to create value in the future and its resilience to potential risks and challenges
  • This information is important for evaluating the entity's long-term prospects and the sustainability of its business model

Challenges in achieving transparency

Balancing disclosure and competitive advantage

  • Entities may face challenges in balancing the need for transparency with the protection of their competitive advantage
  • Disclosing certain information, such as detailed breakdowns of revenues or costs, may reveal sensitive information to competitors and potentially harm the entity's competitive position
  • Entities need to carefully consider the level of disclosure that provides sufficient transparency to stakeholders while not compromising their competitive advantage

Complexity vs understandability

  • As financial transactions and business models become more complex, achieving transparency through disclosure can be challenging
  • Complex disclosures, while comprehensive, may be difficult for users to understand and interpret, potentially reducing the usefulness of the information
  • Entities need to strike a balance between providing comprehensive and detailed disclosures and ensuring that the information is understandable and accessible to users

Assurance and verification of disclosures

  • Ensuring the reliability and credibility of disclosures can be challenging, particularly for non-financial information that may not be subject to the same level of assurance as financial statements
  • Entities may need to engage external assurance providers to verify the accuracy and completeness of their disclosures, especially for ESG and integrated reporting
  • Obtaining assurance on disclosures can enhance their credibility and usefulness to stakeholders, but it also involves additional costs and resources for the entity

Key Terms to Review (39)

Amounts Involved: Amounts involved refer to the specific financial figures that are disclosed in financial statements and other reporting documents. This concept is critical in promoting transparency and accountability, ensuring that stakeholders have access to relevant financial information for making informed decisions.
Auditor independence: Auditor independence refers to the ability of an auditor to remain unbiased and objective in their evaluations of a company's financial statements and internal controls. This independence is crucial for maintaining the credibility of the audit process, ensuring that the auditor's judgment is not influenced by personal interests or relationships with the client. The concept is essential for disclosure and transparency, as it helps stakeholders trust the financial information being presented. In different legal environments, maintaining auditor independence can vary based on regulations and cultural expectations surrounding the auditing profession.
Balance Sheet: A balance sheet is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of an entity's financial position at a specific point in time, detailing its assets, liabilities, and equity. It plays a crucial role in assessing the financial health of a business, guiding investment decisions and credit assessments while being influenced by various accounting frameworks and models.
Board composition and independence: Board composition and independence refer to the structure and make-up of a company's board of directors, ensuring that it includes a diverse mix of members who can provide independent oversight and decision-making. This concept emphasizes the importance of having a significant number of independent directors, who do not have ties to the company, allowing them to make unbiased decisions that protect shareholders' interests and enhance corporate governance.
Cash flow statement: A cash flow statement is a financial document that summarizes the inflows and outflows of cash within an organization over a specific period. It provides crucial information about a company's operating, investing, and financing activities, allowing stakeholders to assess its liquidity, solvency, and overall financial health. This statement plays a significant role in the context of accounting practices and transparency, particularly in the Continental European accounting model, where it complements other financial statements to present a complete picture of a company's financial performance.
Climate-related financial disclosures: Climate-related financial disclosures refer to the reporting of financial information by companies regarding the impacts of climate change on their business operations and financial performance. This includes the risks and opportunities posed by climate change, and how these factors may influence future financial results, ultimately promoting greater transparency and accountability in corporate governance.
Contingent liabilities: Contingent liabilities are potential obligations that may arise depending on the outcome of a future event, such as lawsuits or guarantees. These liabilities are not recorded on the balance sheet but must be disclosed if they are probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Transparency in reporting these liabilities is crucial for stakeholders to understand a company's financial position and risk exposure.
Corporate Governance: Corporate governance refers to the system by which companies are directed and controlled, focusing on the relationships between stakeholders, including management, the board of directors, shareholders, and other interested parties. It encompasses policies and practices that ensure transparency, accountability, and ethical decision-making, which are crucial for maintaining trust and integrity in financial reporting, auditing processes, and internal controls across different legal environments.
Credit Risk: Credit risk is the possibility of a loss resulting from a borrower's failure to repay a loan or meet contractual obligations. This risk is crucial for lenders and investors as it impacts their financial stability and profitability. Understanding credit risk helps in assessing the likelihood of default and guides decisions on lending, investment, and capital management.
Ethical reporting: Ethical reporting refers to the practice of providing accurate, transparent, and honest information in financial statements and disclosures. This approach fosters trust among stakeholders, as it prioritizes integrity and accountability in the reporting process, ensuring that all material information is disclosed and that misleading or deceptive practices are avoided.
Executive compensation: Executive compensation refers to the financial and non-financial rewards given to top management and executives of an organization, typically including salaries, bonuses, stock options, and various benefits. This concept is vital in understanding how companies align the interests of their executives with those of shareholders, particularly regarding performance-based pay structures and the overall governance of corporate entities.
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB): The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is an independent organization responsible for establishing and improving financial accounting and reporting standards in the United States. FASB plays a critical role in ensuring transparency, consistency, and comparability in financial statements, which is essential for investors and stakeholders to make informed decisions.
Financial risk management: Financial risk management refers to the process of identifying, analyzing, and mitigating risks that could negatively impact an organization's financial performance. This involves using various strategies and tools to manage risks related to market fluctuations, credit issues, liquidity challenges, and operational uncertainties. Effective financial risk management is crucial for maintaining transparency and fostering trust among stakeholders.
Financial Statement Disclosures: Financial statement disclosures are notes and additional information provided in financial statements that clarify, explain, and expand upon the numbers presented in the main documents. These disclosures are essential for transparency, allowing stakeholders to understand the financial health, risks, and accounting policies of a company, which enhances their decision-making process.
Full disclosure: Full disclosure is a principle in accounting and finance that requires a company to provide all relevant information about its financial status and operations to stakeholders, ensuring transparency and informed decision-making. This concept is essential for maintaining trust and integrity in financial reporting, as it helps prevent misleading representations and promotes accountability.
Future outlook and strategy: Future outlook and strategy refers to an organization's assessment of its anticipated position and direction over a specified time frame, focusing on long-term goals and the methods to achieve them. This concept emphasizes the importance of transparency in communicating plans and projections to stakeholders, ensuring that all parties have a clear understanding of the organization’s future ambitions and the strategies employed to navigate potential challenges.
Geographic Information: Geographic information refers to data that is associated with specific locations on the Earth's surface, often represented through maps, charts, and other visual formats. This information is crucial for understanding spatial relationships and trends, making it essential for various fields, including urban planning, environmental management, and business strategy. In the context of disclosure and transparency, geographic information plays a vital role in how organizations report their activities, impacts, and compliance across different regions.
IFRS 7: IFRS 7, or International Financial Reporting Standard 7, provides guidelines on the disclosure of financial instruments. It enhances transparency in financial reporting by requiring organizations to provide detailed information about the risks associated with financial instruments, how those risks are managed, and their impact on the entity's financial position. This standard plays a crucial role in promoting effective communication to stakeholders regarding an entity's exposure to risks and its management strategies.
Income Statement: An income statement is a financial report that shows a company's revenues and expenses over a specific period, ultimately revealing its profit or loss. It serves as a key component of financial reporting, providing insights into the operational performance and profitability of a business, which is essential for stakeholders in assessing the company's financial health and making informed decisions.
Integrated Reporting: Integrated reporting is a process that results in a periodic integrated report by an organization that communicates how its strategy, governance, performance, and prospects lead to the creation of value over time. This approach combines financial and non-financial information into a cohesive framework, enhancing transparency and promoting a holistic view of performance that includes environmental, social, and governance factors.
Internal controls: Internal controls are processes and procedures put in place by an organization to ensure the integrity of financial and accounting information, promote accountability, and prevent fraud. These controls help maintain transparency in financial reporting and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, ultimately supporting sound decision-making and safeguarding assets.
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB): The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is an independent organization responsible for developing and maintaining international financial reporting standards (IFRS) to ensure transparency, accountability, and efficiency in financial markets globally. The IASB plays a vital role in fostering consistency in accounting practices across different countries, which helps businesses and investors make informed decisions.
Liquidity risk: Liquidity risk refers to the potential difficulty that an entity may face in meeting its financial obligations as they come due without incurring significant losses. It highlights the uncertainty surrounding an entity's ability to convert assets into cash quickly enough to cover liabilities, which can affect the overall financial health and operational stability of businesses and investors. Understanding liquidity risk is crucial for assessing financial stability, especially in contexts involving disclosure and transparency of financial statements and the evolving nature of cryptocurrency accounting.
Major customers: Major customers refer to clients or buyers that account for a significant portion of a company's revenue, often influencing the company's business strategies and operations. Understanding major customers is essential as they can impact financial performance, risk management, and long-term sustainability. Businesses rely on the stability and continued patronage of these customers, making their identification and relationship management critical for overall success.
Management Discussion and Analysis: Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) is a section within a company's financial statements that provides an overview of the financial performance and position, as well as management's insights into the factors influencing those results. It serves as a bridge between the numbers and the context, offering qualitative explanations about trends, risks, and future outlooks. MD&A plays a crucial role in enhancing disclosure and transparency, allowing stakeholders to better understand the financial statements and the company's strategy.
Market risk: Market risk is the potential for financial loss due to fluctuations in market prices, affecting the value of investments or assets. This risk arises from changes in various factors, such as interest rates, currency exchange rates, and stock prices, making it essential for investors and companies to understand how it impacts their financial health and reporting.
Materiality: Materiality is a concept in accounting and financial reporting that refers to the significance of information that could influence the decision-making of users of financial statements. This principle helps determine what information should be disclosed and how it should be presented, ensuring that stakeholders receive all relevant information for informed judgments.
Nature of related party relationships: The nature of related party relationships refers to the connections and interactions between entities that have a shared control or influence, such as partnerships, joint ventures, or affiliations. These relationships can significantly impact financial reporting, requiring transparency and disclosure to ensure stakeholders understand the potential risks and implications of transactions between related parties.
Notes to the Financial Statements: Notes to the financial statements are supplementary disclosures that provide detailed explanations and additional information about the figures presented in the financial statements. These notes help users understand the accounting policies, assumptions, and methods used, along with specific details about certain line items, thereby enhancing transparency and improving decision-making based on the financial statements.
Operating Segments: Operating segments are the components of a company that engage in business activities and generate revenues while being subject to risks and returns that differ from other segments. These segments help provide transparency and detailed insights into a company's performance across different areas of its operations, which is essential for stakeholders to understand how various parts of the business contribute to overall financial health.
Ownership Structure: Ownership structure refers to the distribution of ownership rights among different stakeholders in a company, including shareholders, management, and employees. It can influence corporate governance, decision-making processes, and the level of transparency and accountability within an organization, especially in relation to financial reporting and disclosures.
Principle of completeness: The principle of completeness refers to the requirement that all relevant information must be disclosed in financial statements to provide a true and fair view of an organization's financial position. This principle is essential for ensuring transparency and building trust among stakeholders, as it helps prevent the manipulation or omission of critical data that could mislead users.
Principle of consistency: The principle of consistency is an accounting guideline that requires companies to apply the same accounting methods and principles from one period to another, ensuring that financial statements are comparable over time. This principle enhances transparency and reliability in financial reporting, as it allows stakeholders to easily analyze and interpret the financial performance of a company without the confusion of varying methods.
Risk Assessment: Risk assessment is the process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating potential risks that could negatively impact an organization's operations, financial performance, or compliance with laws and regulations. This process is crucial for effective decision-making and helps organizations mitigate potential threats while ensuring transparency and accountability in their financial reporting and operational practices.
Sensitivity analysis: Sensitivity analysis is a method used to determine how different values of an independent variable can impact a specific dependent variable under a given set of assumptions. This technique helps in understanding the variability in outcomes when key inputs, such as exchange rates or market conditions, change. By applying sensitivity analysis, organizations can better prepare for uncertainties in foreign currency transactions, improve disclosure practices, and enhance the overall framework of international financial statement analysis.
Social responsibility and ethical practices: Social responsibility and ethical practices refer to the obligations that organizations have to act in ways that benefit society, stakeholders, and the environment. This concept emphasizes the importance of transparency and integrity in business operations, ensuring that actions align with ethical standards and societal values while promoting accountability and trust.
Sustainability reporting frameworks: Sustainability reporting frameworks are structured guidelines that organizations use to disclose their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and impacts. These frameworks help enhance transparency and accountability, allowing stakeholders to understand how companies are addressing sustainability issues, thus driving informed decision-making and fostering trust.
Types of transactions: Types of transactions refer to the various categories of economic activities that involve the exchange of goods, services, or financial assets. These transactions can be classified based on their nature, such as cash transactions, credit transactions, and non-monetary exchanges, and play a crucial role in financial reporting and analysis.
Value creation process: The value creation process refers to the systematic approach that organizations use to generate value for their stakeholders through a series of activities that enhance product or service offerings. This process involves identifying customer needs, delivering quality products or services, and optimizing operations to ensure efficiency and effectiveness, all while maintaining transparency in communication with stakeholders about performance and decision-making.
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