6.4 Notable 18th-century playwrights and works across Europe
5 min read•august 13, 2024
The 18th century saw a boom in European theater, with playwrights pushing boundaries and sparking change. From Italy to Ireland, writers like Goldoni and Sheridan crafted witty comedies that poked fun at society's quirks.
Meanwhile, heavy hitters like Lessing and Alfieri tackled big ideas in their dramas. , political freedom, and took center stage. These plays didn't just entertain—they got people talking and thinking about the world around them.
Key Playwrights of 18th-Century Europe
Italian Playwrights
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- , an Italian playwright, known for his that reformed the commedia dell'arte tradition by introducing more realistic characters and situations
- Goldoni's reforms of commedia dell'arte were initially met with resistance from traditionalists but eventually gained popularity and influenced the development of realistic comedy in Europe
- "" exemplifies his reformation of commedia dell'arte by featuring a well-developed plot, realistic characters, and social commentary
- , an Italian dramatist and poet, known for his neoclassical tragedies that often dealt with themes of liberty and anti-tyranny
- Alfieri's tragedies, such as "" and "," known for their intense emotions, moral dilemmas, and themes of liberty and anti-tyranny, often inspired by classical sources
- Alfieri's tragedies were admired for their intensity and moral rectitude, and his style influenced the development of Italian romantic drama in the 19th century
French and Irish Playwrights
- , a French polymath and playwright, best known for his Figaro plays, which were socially satirical and politically subversive
- "" and "" known for their witty dialogue, , and the subversive character of Figaro, who challenges the aristocracy
- Beaumarchais' Figaro plays were immensely popular with audiences and contributed to the growing social and political unrest that led to
- Richard Brinsley Sheridan, an Irish satirist and playwright, renowned for his comedies of manners, particularly "" and "The Rivals"
- "The School for Scandal" is a comedy of manners that satirizes the gossip and hypocrisy of upper-class society, featuring clever wordplay and memorable characters
- Sheridan's comedies of manners were well-received by audiences and helped establish the genre as a staple of English theatre, influencing later playwrights like Oscar Wilde
German Playwrights
- , a German philosopher and playwright, wrote "," considered the first , and "," which promoted religious tolerance
- "Nathan the Wise" promotes religious tolerance through its depiction of a wise Jewish merchant who engages in philosophical debates with Christian and Muslim characters
- Lessing's plays, particularly "Nathan the Wise," sparked discussions about religious tolerance and the ideals of reason and humanism
Themes and Innovations in 18th-Century Theatre
Social Commentary and Satire
- Goldoni's comedies of manners reformed commedia dell'arte by introducing more realistic characters and situations, offering social commentary
- Beaumarchais' Figaro plays were socially satirical and politically subversive, challenging the aristocracy and contributing to growing social and political unrest
- Sheridan's comedies of manners, such as "The School for Scandal," satirized the gossip and hypocrisy of upper-class society
Philosophical and Moral Themes
- Lessing's "Nathan the Wise" promoted religious tolerance and sparked discussions about Enlightenment ideals of reason and humanism
- Alfieri's neoclassical tragedies often dealt with themes of liberty, anti-tyranny, intense emotions, and moral dilemmas
- Lessing's "Miss Sara Sampson," considered the first bourgeois tragedy, explored moral themes and social issues
Innovations in Style and Genre
- Goldoni reformed commedia dell'arte by introducing well-developed plots, realistic characters, and social commentary
- Sheridan's comedies of manners helped establish the genre as a staple of English theatre, influencing later playwrights like Oscar Wilde
- Alfieri's neoclassical tragedies, inspired by classical sources, influenced the development of Italian romantic drama in the 19th century
Reception and Impact of 18th-Century Plays
Audience Reception and Popularity
- Goldoni's reforms of commedia dell'arte initially met resistance from traditionalists but eventually gained popularity
- Beaumarchais' Figaro plays were immensely popular with audiences, contributing to growing social and political unrest
- Sheridan's comedies of manners were well-received by audiences and helped establish the genre as a staple of English theatre
Influence on Theatre Practices and Later Playwrights
- Goldoni's reforms influenced the development of realistic comedy in Europe
- Beaumarchais' plays contributed to the social and political climate leading to the French Revolution
- Sheridan's works influenced later playwrights like Oscar Wilde
- Alfieri's style influenced the development of Italian romantic drama in the 19th century
Sparking Discussions and Promoting Ideas
- Lessing's plays, particularly "Nathan the Wise," sparked discussions about religious tolerance and Enlightenment ideals
- Beaumarchais' Figaro plays challenged the aristocracy and contributed to growing social and political unrest
- Goldoni's comedies of manners offered social commentary and reformed commedia dell'arte traditions
Playwright Approaches in 18th-Century Europe vs. Techniques
Comedic vs. Serious Works
- Goldoni, Beaumarchais, and Sheridan known for their comedic works, focusing on social satire, witty dialogue, and memorable characters
- Goldoni's "The Servant of Two Masters" and Sheridan's "The School for Scandal" exemplify their comedic approaches
- Beaumarchais' Figaro plays, "The Barber of Seville" and "The Marriage of Figaro," showcase his wit and social satire
- Lessing and Alfieri primarily associated with serious dramas and tragedies, focusing on philosophical ideas and moral themes
- Lessing's "Nathan the Wise" and "Miss Sara Sampson" explore religious tolerance and moral issues
- Alfieri's "Saul" and "Mirra" are known for their intense emotions and moral dilemmas
Contrasting Styles and Focus
- Goldoni and Sheridan both wrote comedies of manners, but Goldoni focused on reforming commedia dell'arte, while Sheridan satirized upper-class English society
- Beaumarchais and Lessing used their plays to promote social and political ideas, with Beaumarchais focusing on and Lessing on religious tolerance
- Alfieri's neoclassical tragedies contrast with the more realistic and socially-oriented works of Goldoni and Beaumarchais, as Alfieri focused on intense emotions and moral dilemmas inspired by classical sources
Key Terms to Review (28)
Bourgeois tragedy: Bourgeois tragedy refers to a form of drama that emerged in the 18th century, focusing on the lives and struggles of the middle class rather than nobility or heroic figures. This genre highlights the moral dilemmas and emotional conflicts faced by everyday people, reflecting the values and concerns of the rising bourgeoisie during a time of significant social change. It aims to connect audiences to relatable characters and situations, thereby creating a more profound emotional engagement with the audience compared to traditional tragedy.
Carlo Goldoni: Carlo Goldoni was an influential Italian playwright and librettist of the 18th century, renowned for his contributions to the development of modern Italian comedy. He is celebrated for transforming the improvisational style of commedia dell'arte into structured, scripted plays that emphasized character development and realistic dialogue, making his work a significant part of European theatrical history during this period.
Class struggle: Class struggle refers to the conflict between different social classes, particularly the tensions and competition between the working class and the ruling class over economic interests, political power, and social rights. This concept has been a central theme in literature and theatre, highlighting the disparities in society and the fight for equity. It connects to various artistic movements, showcasing how playwrights addressed social inequalities and brought attention to the lived experiences of different classes.
Comedies of manners: Comedies of manners are a theatrical genre that satirizes the behaviors, customs, and social conventions of a particular class, often focusing on the lives and relationships of the upper classes. This genre emerged prominently in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in England and France, reflecting the societal norms and moral codes of the time. These plays typically feature witty dialogue, clever plot twists, and a focus on the complexities of love and social status.
Dramatic Structure: Dramatic structure refers to the framework that organizes the elements of a play or narrative, typically following a pattern that includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. This structure shapes how the story unfolds and engages the audience by building tension and developing characters over time. It is essential in understanding how various playwrights from different periods utilize this framework to enhance their storytelling.
Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement in Europe during the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. This era significantly influenced various fields, including philosophy, science, and the arts, leading to new ideas about government, society, and human rights that shaped modern thought and paved the way for changes in theatre.
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was a German playwright, philosopher, and critic who played a pivotal role in the development of German Enlightenment theatre during the 18th century. He is best known for his advocacy of rationalism, his contributions to the emergence of modern drama, and his belief in the importance of the individual's moral freedom. His works and ideas not only influenced German literature but also laid the groundwork for later playwrights across Europe.
Lighting effects: Lighting effects refer to the use of artificial illumination in theatre to enhance the visual experience, create mood, and support storytelling. These effects can manipulate shadows, highlight actors, and set the overall atmosphere of a performance. They are crucial for restoring visibility on stage while also contributing to the emotional and aesthetic qualities of theatrical productions.
London: London is the capital city of England and a major cultural, economic, and political center in Europe. During the 18th century, it became a vibrant hub for theatrical innovation, attracting playwrights and performers who contributed significantly to the development of drama and stagecraft across Europe.
Mirra: Mirra is a type of fragrant resin derived from the Commiphora myrrha tree, used historically in various cultural contexts, especially in the 18th century, for its aromatic properties and significance in rituals. Its popularity during this time connected it to the theatrical world, enhancing stagecraft and influencing the way scent was integrated into performances and storytelling.
Miss Sara Sampson: Miss Sara Sampson is a tragicomedy written by the German playwright Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in 1755. It is considered one of the first significant works of German drama and marked a shift towards realism in theatre, addressing themes of love, betrayal, and societal norms. The play's focus on emotional depth and moral complexity highlights its importance in the evolution of European theatre during the 18th century.
Moral dilemmas: Moral dilemmas are situations in which a person faces conflicting ethical principles or values, making it difficult to decide the right course of action. These scenarios often challenge an individual's sense of morality and can lead to intense internal conflict. In the context of drama and literature, moral dilemmas serve as pivotal moments that reveal character depth, provoke thought, and engage audiences in ethical discussions.
Nathan the Wise: Nathan the Wise is a play written by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in 1779, which explores themes of tolerance, religious coexistence, and the search for truth. The story is set in Jerusalem during the Crusades and revolves around the character of Nathan, a Jewish merchant who engages in philosophical discussions with characters of different faiths, ultimately promoting a message of humanism and understanding among Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
Neoclassicism: Neoclassicism is an artistic and cultural movement that emerged in the 18th century, characterized by a revival of classical themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome. This movement emphasized reason, clarity, and order, seeking to emulate the ideals of beauty and moral virtue found in classical antiquity. Neoclassicism played a crucial role in shaping the theatrical landscape, particularly in the context of the reopening of theatres and the influence of notable playwrights across Europe during the 18th century.
Paris: Paris is the capital city of France, renowned for its rich history and cultural significance, particularly in the 18th century when it became a central hub for theatrical innovation and intellectual discourse. During this period, Paris was home to notable playwrights and theatrical developments that influenced the evolution of drama across Europe, marking a pivotal time in the history of theatre.
Pierre Beaumarchais: Pierre Beaumarchais was a French playwright, inventor, and diplomat known for his significant contributions to 18th-century theatre, particularly through his plays that combined humor with social commentary. His most notable works, like 'The Barber of Seville' and 'The Marriage of Figaro', challenged the social norms of his time and became cornerstones of the comedic genre in Europe.
Religious tolerance: Religious tolerance is the acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices, allowing individuals to coexist peacefully regardless of their faith. This concept emerged prominently during the 18th century, particularly as playwrights began to challenge social norms and question religious authority in their works, reflecting the Enlightenment ideals of reason and individual rights.
Saul: Saul is a notable character in the history of theatre, particularly in the context of 18th-century European drama, representing complex themes of power, tragedy, and the human condition. This character often embodies the struggles of leadership, moral dilemmas, and the consequences of ambition, resonating with the works of various playwrights who explored the depths of human emotion and societal issues during this period.
Scenic Design: Scenic design refers to the creation and arrangement of stage environments that help establish the visual context for a theatrical production. This includes the design of sets, props, and overall visual aesthetics that support the narrative and themes of the play. Scenic design is crucial for immersing audiences in the story, providing essential cues about time and place, and enhancing the emotional experience of the performance.
Sentimental comedy: Sentimental comedy is a theatrical genre that emerged in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, characterized by its focus on emotional appeal, moral lessons, and the depiction of virtuous characters facing moral dilemmas. It often features happy endings and is aimed at eliciting feelings of sympathy and compassion from the audience, distinguishing it from more traditional forms of comedy that emphasized wit and satire. This genre became a significant part of the theatrical landscape, influencing various playwrights and reflecting societal changes in Europe.
Social satire: Social satire is a genre of comedy that uses humor, irony, and exaggeration to critique and expose the flaws and vices of individuals or society as a whole. This form of satire often aims to provoke thought and discussion about social norms, politics, and cultural practices, ultimately encouraging reform or change. It has been pivotal in the evolution of theatrical works, particularly in French comedy and 18th-century European plays, as it reflects the values and issues of its time while entertaining audiences.
Stagecraft: Stagecraft refers to the technical aspects of theater production, including set design, lighting, sound, costumes, and props, which are crucial in bringing a play or performance to life. Effective stagecraft enhances storytelling by creating an immersive atmosphere that supports the narrative and emotional tone of the work. This term connects to different periods and styles of theater, influencing how productions are conceived and executed.
The Barber of Seville: The Barber of Seville is a comic opera composed by Gioachino Rossini, which premiered in 1816. It is based on the play by Pierre Beaumarchais and centers around the clever schemes of Figaro, a barber, who helps Count Almaviva win the heart of Rosina. This work exemplifies the evolution of comedic storytelling in 18th-century Europe and reflects the influence of earlier comedic traditions, including those established by Molière.
The French Revolution: The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799, which led to the end of absolute monarchy, the rise of democracy, and significant changes in the social structure. It transformed France from a feudal society into a modern nation-state, greatly influencing European culture and politics, including the evolution of theatre and dramatic literature.
The Marriage of Figaro: The Marriage of Figaro is a comic opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1786, with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It is based on a play by Pierre Beaumarchais and is recognized for its intricate plot and exploration of themes such as class struggle, love, and fidelity. This work not only showcases the evolution of opera in the 18th century but also reflects significant social changes occurring in Europe at that time.
The School for Scandal: The School for Scandal is a comedic play written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan in 1777, celebrated for its witty dialogue and sharp social commentary. This play critiques the superficiality and hypocrisy of high society, particularly focusing on themes like gossip, scandal, and reputation. Its clever structure and memorable characters have made it a quintessential example of 18th-century English theatre, reflecting the cultural dynamics of the time.
The Servant of Two Masters: The Servant of Two Masters is a classic Italian commedia dell'arte play by Carlo Goldoni, first performed in 1746. It revolves around the character Truffaldino, a cunning servant who tries to serve two masters simultaneously, leading to a series of comedic misunderstandings and complications. This play exemplifies the blend of farce and intricate plotting characteristic of 18th-century European theatre, showcasing themes of identity, social class, and the nature of service.
Vittorio Alfieri: Vittorio Alfieri was an influential Italian playwright and poet of the 18th century, best known for his contributions to the development of Italian drama and for introducing the concept of tragedy in the neoclassical style. He is often considered one of the first modern dramatists in Italy, whose works emphasized emotional depth and individualism, marking a departure from the traditional forms of theatre that preceded him.