5.2 Buddhism in Korea
10 min read•august 21, 2024
Buddhism in Korea has a rich history spanning nearly two millennia. Introduced from China in the 4th century, it shaped Korean culture, art, and spirituality. The religion flourished during the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla periods, reaching its zenith in the .
Korean Buddhism developed unique characteristics while maintaining ties to Chinese and Indian traditions. It faced suppression during the Joseon dynasty but experienced revival in the 20th century. Today, Buddhism remains a significant force in South Korean society, adapting to modern life while preserving its core teachings.
Origins of Korean Buddhism
- Buddhism entered Korea from China during the , shaping Korean culture and spirituality
- Korean Buddhism developed unique characteristics while maintaining connections to Chinese and Indian traditions
- The introduction of Buddhism to Korea marked a significant shift in religious and philosophical thought
Introduction from China
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- Buddhism arrived in Korea from China in the 4th century CE
- Monks and merchants traveling along trade routes facilitated the spread of Buddhist teachings
- Chinese Buddhist texts and artifacts played a crucial role in early Korean Buddhist practice
- Korean royalty initially embraced Buddhism as a means of legitimizing their rule
Early Silla period adoption
- Silla, the last of the Three Kingdoms to adopt Buddhism, officially recognized it in 527 CE
- King Beopheung of Silla played a pivotal role in establishing Buddhism as a state religion
- Early Silla Buddhism faced opposition from traditional aristocratic families and indigenous belief systems
- The martyrdom of Ichadon, a court official, became a legendary tale of Buddhist devotion in Silla
Three Kingdoms period
- Buddhism flourished differently in each of the Three Kingdoms: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla
- The period saw the establishment of major temples and the development of distinct Buddhist traditions
- Buddhist ideas influenced art, architecture, and governance in all three kingdoms
Goguryeo Buddhist developments
- Goguryeo adopted Buddhism earliest, around 372 CE, during King Sosurim's reign
- Developed a strong tradition of Buddhist cave temples and wall paintings (Sokkuram Grotto)
- Emphasized the study of Abhidharma and Yogacara schools of Buddhist philosophy
- Monk Uiyeon played a significant role in spreading Buddhism throughout Goguryeo
Baekje's Buddhist influence
- Baekje officially adopted Buddhism in 384 CE under King Chimnyu
- Became a major transmitter of Buddhist culture to Japan, influencing Japanese Buddhism
- Developed sophisticated and architecture, particularly in pagoda construction
- Monk Marananta from Baekje introduced Buddhism to the Japanese court in 552 CE
Silla's embrace of Buddhism
- Initially resistant, Silla fully embraced Buddhism by the mid-6th century
- Buddhism played a crucial role in unifying the Korean peninsula under Silla rule
- Developed the Hwarang warrior monks, who combined Buddhist teachings with martial arts
- Established the Nine Mountain Schools of , laying the foundation for Korean Zen
Unified Silla era
- The Unified Silla period (668-935 CE) marked the golden age of Korean Buddhism
- Buddhism became deeply integrated into state affairs and social life
- This era saw significant developments in Buddhist philosophy, art, and architecture
State protection of Buddhism
- The Silla royal family actively patronized Buddhist institutions and practices
- Implemented policies that favored Buddhist temples and monasteries
- Established the Gukjagam, a national academy that included Buddhist studies
- Created the position of "National Preceptor" (Guksa) for eminent Buddhist monks
Influential Buddhist scholars
- Wonhyo (617-686 CE) developed the concept of "harmonization of disputes" in Buddhist philosophy
- Uisang (625-702 CE) introduced and popularized Huayan (Hwaeom) Buddhism in Korea
- Doseon (827-898 CE) established the principles of Korean geomancy in temple construction
- Jingam (774-850 CE) founded the Beopseong school, emphasizing the study of Yogacara texts
Temple construction boom
- Unified Silla saw the construction of numerous grand temples across the Korean peninsula
- Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site, exemplifies Silla Buddhist architecture
- Seokguram Grotto, an artificial cave temple, showcases advanced engineering and artistry
- Many temples incorporated elements of Korean geomancy and native beliefs
Goryeo dynasty Buddhism
- The Goryeo dynasty (918-1392 CE) saw Buddhism reach its zenith as a state religion
- Buddhist institutions gained significant political and economic power
- This period produced some of Korea's most important Buddhist cultural artifacts
Buddhism as state religion
- Goryeo kings actively promoted Buddhism as the official state ideology
- Buddhist rituals and ceremonies became integral to court life and governance
- The state sponsored large-scale Buddhist projects and temple constructions
- Buddhist monks often held influential positions as royal advisors and diplomats
Tripitaka Koreana
- The , a complete collection of Buddhist scriptures, was carved on 81,258 wooden printing blocks
- Created as a national project to invoke divine protection against Mongol invasions
- Recognized as the most accurate and complete version of Buddhist canon in East Asia
- Preserved at Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site
Tension with Confucianism
- Late Goryeo period saw rising criticism of Buddhism from Neo-Confucian scholars
- Concerns about corruption and wealth accumulation in Buddhist institutions grew
- Some kings attempted to reform and restrict Buddhist influence in government
- This tension set the stage for the eventual suppression of Buddhism in the Joseon dynasty
Joseon dynasty decline
- The Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) marked a period of significant decline for Korean Buddhism
- Neo-Confucianism became the dominant state ideology, leading to suppression of Buddhism
- Buddhist institutions lost much of their political and economic power
Neo-Confucian suppression
- Joseon rulers implemented policies to limit Buddhist influence and practices
- Banned Buddhist rituals at the royal court and among the aristocracy
- Confiscated temple lands and restricted the construction of new temples
- Reduced the number of Buddhist monks and monasteries through forced secularization
Buddhism in rural areas
- Despite suppression, Buddhism maintained a presence in rural and mountainous regions
- Village temples continued to serve local communities, preserving Buddhist traditions
- Folk Buddhism blended with indigenous shamanic practices and beliefs
- Rural temples became centers for preserving Buddhist art, texts, and rituals
Persecution of Buddhist monks
- Buddhist monks faced social discrimination and legal restrictions
- Monks were classified as members of the lowest social class (cheonmin)
- Many were forced to perform manual labor or military service
- Some monks went into hiding in remote mountain temples to continue their practice
Japanese colonial period
- The Japanese colonial period (1910-1945) brought significant changes to Korean Buddhism
- Japanese Buddhist sects attempted to influence and control Korean Buddhist institutions
- Korean Buddhists struggled to maintain their identity and traditions under colonial rule
Revival of Korean Buddhism
- Japanese colonial policies inadvertently led to a partial revival of Korean Buddhism
- Relaxation of anti-Buddhist laws allowed for the reconstruction of some temples
- Korean Buddhist scholars began to study and reinterpret their own traditions
- Han Yongun emerged as a prominent Buddhist reformer and independence activist
Married clergy controversy
- Japanese authorities introduced the practice of married clergy to Korean Buddhism
- This conflicted with the traditional Korean Buddhist emphasis on monastic celibacy
- Created a lasting divide between celibate and married monks in Korean Buddhism
- Led to debates about the authenticity and purity of Korean Buddhist practice
Modern Korean Buddhism
- After the Korean War, Buddhism in North and South Korea developed along different paths
- South Korean Buddhism experienced a revival and modernization in the late 20th century
- North Korean Buddhism faced severe restrictions under the communist regime
North vs South divide
- North Korea: Buddhism heavily restricted, with few functioning temples allowed
- South Korea: Buddhism regained prominence, with active temples and growing lay followers
- North Korean Buddhism became largely ceremonial, controlled by the state
- South Korean Buddhism developed various social engagement and modernization initiatives
Buddhism in contemporary society
- South Korean Buddhism adapted to urbanization and modernization
- Increased focus on lay practice and meditation centers in cities
- Buddhist temples offer popular temple stay programs for locals and tourists
- Growing interest in Buddhist environmentalism and social welfare activities
Seon (Korean Zen) tradition
- Seon remains the dominant form of Korean Buddhism
- Emphasizes meditation practice and sudden enlightenment
- Major Seon centers include Songgwangsa, Haeinsa, and headquarters
- Contemporary Seon masters like Seungsahn have spread Korean Zen internationally
Key Buddhist schools
- Korean Buddhism developed several distinct schools and traditions over its history
- These schools often blended elements from different Buddhist traditions and native beliefs
- Some schools focused on specific practices or texts, while others aimed for synthesis
Seon (meditation) school
- Emerged during the late Silla period, inspired by Chinese Chan Buddhism
- Emphasizes direct insight into one's true nature through meditation
- Uses koans (paradoxical questions or statements) as tools for awakening
- Dominant school in contemporary Korean Buddhism, represented by the Jogye Order
Pure Land Buddhism
- Focuses on faith in Amitabha Buddha and rebirth in the Western Pure Land
- Gained popularity during the Goryeo dynasty among both elites and common people
- Practice centers on chanting the name of Amitabha Buddha (nianfo)
- Often combined with Seon practice in Korean Buddhism
Hwaeom (Huayan) school
- Based on the , introduced to Korea by Uisang in the 7th century
- Emphasizes the interconnectedness of all phenomena and the cosmic Buddha Vairocana
- Influenced Korean Buddhist philosophy and temple architecture
- Declined as an independent school but integrated into other Korean Buddhist traditions
Buddhist art and architecture
- Korean Buddhist art and architecture reflect a unique blend of indigenous and foreign influences
- Developed distinctive styles while maintaining connections to Chinese and Indian traditions
- Served both religious and aesthetic purposes, often embodying complex Buddhist concepts
Pagoda structures
- Evolved from Indian stupas, adapted to Korean aesthetics and materials
- Stone pagodas became more common than wooden ones, unique to Korea
- Famous examples include the Dabotap and Seokgatap pagodas at Bulguksa Temple
- Pagodas often contained sacred relics and symbolized the Buddha's enlightenment
Buddhist sculpture
- Korean Buddhist sculptures range from massive stone Buddhas to intricate gilt-bronze figurines
- Developed a distinctive "Korean smile" in Buddha statues, conveying serenity and compassion
- Notable examples include the Seokguram Grotto Buddha and the Gilt-bronze Maitreya in Meditation
- Sculptures often depicted various Buddhas, bodhisattvas, and guardian deities
Temple wall paintings
- Adorned temple halls with vibrant colors and intricate details
- Depicted Buddhist cosmology, sutras, and the life of the Buddha
- Incorporated Korean landscapes and folk elements into traditional Buddhist imagery
- Famous examples include the Vulture Peak Assembly painting at Tongdosa Temple
Buddhist festivals and rituals
- Korean Buddhist festivals and rituals blend religious significance with cultural traditions
- Many festivals follow the lunar calendar and coincide with important agricultural events
- Rituals often incorporate elements from Korean shamanism and Confucianism
Buddha's Birthday celebration
- Known as "Seokga tansinil" or "Bucheonim osin nal" in Korean
- Celebrated on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month
- Features lantern festivals, parades, and the ritual bathing of the Buddha statue
- Temples offer free meals and hold special ceremonies for visitors
Temple stay programs
- Modern initiative allowing visitors to experience monastic life temporarily
- Participants engage in meditation, chanting, and temple chores
- Aims to promote understanding of Korean Buddhism and provide spiritual retreats
- Offered at numerous temples throughout South Korea, popular among both locals and tourists
Monastic daily routines
- Korean Buddhist monastics follow a structured daily schedule
- Begins early with pre-dawn chanting and meditation sessions
- Includes periods of work (agricultural labor, cleaning, or scholarly pursuits)
- Regular formal meals eaten in silence with traditional bowls (baru gongyang)
- Evening chanting and meditation conclude the day
Notable Korean Buddhist figures
- Throughout its history, Korean Buddhism has produced many influential monks, scholars, and practitioners
- These figures have shaped Korean Buddhist thought, practice, and culture
- Their teachings continue to influence contemporary Korean Buddhism and beyond
Wonhyo's life and teachings
- Lived 617-686 CE, one of the most important figures in Korean Buddhism
- Developed the concept of "harmonization of disputes" (hwajaeng) to reconcile different Buddhist schools
- Wrote extensive commentaries on Buddhist texts, making them accessible to lay people
- Famous for his enlightenment experience in a cave, realizing the non-duality of all phenomena
Uisang's Hwaeom philosophy
- Lived 625-702 CE, founder of the Korean Hwaeom (Huayan) school
- Studied in China and brought back Hwaeom teachings to Korea
- Created the "Diagram of the Dharma Realm according to the One Vehicle" (Ilseung beopgyedo)
- Emphasized the interpenetration and mutual containment of all phenomena
Seongcheol's modern influence
- Lived 1912-1993, revitalized Korean Seon (Zen) Buddhism in the 20th century
- Advocated for a return to strict monastic discipline and intensive meditation practice
- Emphasized "sudden enlightenment, sudden cultivation" as the core of Seon practice
- His teachings continue to influence contemporary Korean Buddhism and have gained international recognition
Buddhism vs other Korean religions
- Korean religious landscape is characterized by the coexistence and interaction of multiple traditions
- Buddhism has both competed and syncretized with other religious and philosophical systems
- The relationships between these traditions have shaped Korean culture and society
Buddhism vs Confucianism
- Historical rivalry, especially during the Joseon dynasty when Confucianism was dominant
- Confucianism criticized Buddhist otherworldliness and monastic lifestyle
- Buddhism adapted by emphasizing filial piety and social ethics
- In modern Korea, many people practice elements of both traditions
Buddhism vs Christianity
- Christianity grew rapidly in Korea during the 20th century, challenging Buddhist dominance
- Some Buddhists adopted Christian-style organized structures and social engagement
- Interfaith dialogue and cooperation have increased in recent years
- Both religions continue to play significant roles in contemporary Korean society
Syncretic religious practices
- Korean shamanism (Muism) has long interacted with and influenced Korean Buddhism
- Many Koreans participate in rituals and practices from multiple religious traditions
- Buddhist temples often include elements of shamanic and folk beliefs
- Some new religious movements in Korea blend Buddhist concepts with other traditions
Key Terms to Review (18)
Avatamsaka Sutra: The Avatamsaka Sutra, also known as the Flower Garland Sutra, is a key Mahayana Buddhist scripture that emphasizes the interconnectedness of all phenomena and the concept of Buddhahood. It presents a vision of reality where all beings and events are interrelated, symbolized by a cosmic tapestry. This sutra is significant in the context of Korean Buddhism as it highlights the ideals of enlightenment and the cultivation of wisdom.
Bodhidharma: Bodhidharma is traditionally recognized as the founder of Zen Buddhism and is an important figure in the history of Buddhism, especially in Korea. He is credited with introducing the teachings of Zen and emphasizing direct experience and meditation over scripture, which had a lasting impact on Korean Buddhist practices and philosophy.
Buddhist art: Buddhist art refers to the visual and performing arts that have developed in the context of Buddhism, encompassing various forms such as sculpture, painting, architecture, and textiles. This type of art is characterized by its focus on religious themes, including depictions of the Buddha, bodhisattvas, and Buddhist narratives, often intended to inspire devotion and meditation among practitioners.
Bulguksa: Bulguksa is a significant Buddhist temple located in Gyeongju, South Korea, renowned for its architectural beauty and historical importance. Built during the Silla Dynasty in the 8th century, it represents the zenith of Korean Buddhist architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple complex reflects the deep spiritual heritage and artistic achievement of Buddhism in Korea.
Cheontae School: The Cheontae School is a prominent sect of Korean Buddhism that emerged during the Goryeo Dynasty, characterized by its unique interpretation of the Lotus Sutra and an emphasis on the concept of 'One Mind.' This school blends elements of both the philosophical and meditative practices of Buddhism, contributing to the rich tapestry of Buddhist thought in Korea.
Confucian Influence: Confucian influence refers to the impact of Confucianism, a philosophical and ethical system founded by Confucius, on various aspects of society, including government, education, and social behavior. This influence is especially evident in East Asian cultures, where it has shaped values such as hierarchy, filial piety, and respect for authority, impacting the way Buddhism was practiced and integrated into society.
Dharma Transmission: Dharma transmission refers to the process through which the teachings of Buddhism, known as Dharma, are passed down from teacher to student, often in a lineage that preserves the authenticity and integrity of the teachings. This concept is particularly significant in Korean Buddhism, where the relationship between master and disciple is emphasized for its role in ensuring the continuity of Buddhist practice and understanding across generations.
Goryeo Dynasty: The Goryeo Dynasty was a Korean dynastic kingdom that lasted from 918 to 1392, known for unifying the Korean Peninsula and for its significant cultural achievements. This period is marked by advancements in traditional arts, the establishment of Confucianism as a guiding philosophy, and the production of beautiful traditional clothing. The dynasty also faced challenges, including Mongol invasions, which shaped its historical trajectory and cultural exchanges with neighboring countries.
Haeinsa: Haeinsa is a renowned Buddhist temple located in South Korea, famous for housing the Tripitaka Koreana, the world’s most comprehensive collection of Buddhist scriptures carved onto wooden blocks. The temple is an important site for the preservation of Korean Buddhism and reflects the deep spiritual and cultural heritage of the region, showcasing traditional architecture and practices that have remained vital throughout centuries.
Influence on Korean Architecture: The influence on Korean architecture refers to the various cultural, religious, and historical factors that have shaped the unique architectural styles found in Korea. This influence is particularly evident in how Buddhism introduced new design elements, construction techniques, and spatial organization, leading to a distinctive blend of indigenous and imported architectural styles throughout different periods in Korean history.
Jogye Order: The Jogye Order is the leading sect of Korean Buddhism, known for its emphasis on Zen practices and the promotion of meditation. It was officially established in the late 14th century during the Goryeo Dynasty and became prominent during the Joseon Dynasty. The Jogye Order has played a crucial role in preserving Korean Buddhist traditions and culture throughout various historical challenges, including Japanese colonization and modernization.
Korean Buddhist Reform Movement: The Korean Buddhist Reform Movement was a significant movement that aimed to revitalize and modernize Buddhism in Korea during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This movement emerged as a response to the challenges faced by Buddhism due to Confucian dominance, colonial rule, and the need for adaptation to contemporary society. By seeking to re-establish Buddhist practices and beliefs in a changing world, this movement laid the groundwork for a resurgence of interest in Buddhism in Korea.
Meditative practices: Meditative practices refer to a variety of techniques aimed at fostering mindfulness, concentration, and self-awareness through focused mental exercises. In the context of Buddhism, these practices are essential for spiritual development, allowing practitioners to cultivate insight, achieve mental clarity, and ultimately reach enlightenment. They often involve techniques such as breath control, visualization, and mantra recitation.
Seon Buddhism: Seon Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and the direct experience of enlightenment. Originating in China as Chan Buddhism, it was introduced to Korea where it developed into its own distinct tradition, focusing on sudden enlightenment and the practice of seated meditation (zazen). Seon became a prominent spiritual path in Korea, influencing various aspects of Korean culture, art, and philosophy.
Seongcheol: Seongcheol is a significant figure in Korean Buddhism, known for his deep spiritual insight and leadership in the Jogye Order, the main sect of Korean Buddhism. His teachings emphasized the importance of meditation and the realization of one's true nature, which resonated with many practitioners. As a pivotal monk, he played a crucial role in revitalizing Buddhist practice and philosophy in Korea during the 20th century.
Syncretism: Syncretism is the blending of different beliefs, practices, and cultural elements into a cohesive system. It often occurs when distinct religions or philosophies interact, leading to the creation of new traditions and interpretations. This process can be observed in various historical contexts, particularly where cultural exchanges and migrations have taken place, resulting in unique religious expressions and social practices.
Three Kingdoms Period: The Three Kingdoms Period refers to a significant era in Korean history from the 1st century BCE to the 7th century CE, characterized by the division of the Korean Peninsula into three rival kingdoms: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. This period was marked by political fragmentation and military conflict but also saw advancements in culture, religion, and trade that shaped the future of Korea.
Tripitaka Koreana: Tripitaka Koreana is a comprehensive collection of Buddhist scriptures carved onto over 80,000 wooden blocks during the Goryeo dynasty in Korea. This impressive achievement was not only a religious endeavor but also a cultural and artistic milestone, representing one of the most complete collections of Buddhist texts in existence. The Tripitaka Koreana served as a vital resource for Buddhist practice and scholarship, influencing the spread of Buddhism in Korea and beyond.