Intro to American Government

🎟️Intro to American Government Unit 14 – State and Local Government

State and local governments play a crucial role in the American political system. They provide essential services, make policy decisions, and interact closely with citizens. Understanding their structure, powers, and challenges is key to grasping how government works at different levels. This unit covers the organization of state and local governments, their responsibilities, funding sources, and relationships with each other and the federal government. It also explores current issues facing these governments, including fiscal pressures, infrastructure needs, and policy debates.

Key Concepts and Definitions

  • Federalism: System of government where power is divided between a central government and smaller regional governments (states)
  • State government: Level of government responsible for governing a specific geographic area within a country
    • Typically has its own constitution, legislature, executive branch, and court system
  • Local government: Governmental bodies that operate at a smaller scale than state governments (counties, cities, towns)
  • Home rule: Principle that allows local governments to exercise powers not specifically prohibited by state law
  • Dillon's Rule: Legal principle that local governments only have powers expressly granted by the state
  • Preemption: When a higher level of government restricts or overrides the authority of a lower level of government
  • Unfunded mandates: Requirements imposed by a higher level of government without providing the necessary funding

Structure of State and Local Governments

  • State governments are modeled after the federal government with three branches
    • Executive branch headed by a governor
    • Legislative branch consisting of a state legislature (usually bicameral)
    • Judicial branch with a state supreme court and lower courts
  • Local governments vary in structure but often include:
    • Counties: Largest subdivisions within a state, providing services such as law enforcement and public health
    • Municipalities: Cities, towns, and villages responsible for services like public transportation and waste management
    • Special districts: Single-purpose governmental units (school districts, water districts)
  • State and local governments may have different forms of government (council-manager, mayor-council, commission)

Powers and Responsibilities

  • States have broad powers not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution
    • Includes education, law enforcement, public health, and transportation
  • Local governments derive their powers from the state, which can vary widely
  • States and local governments are responsible for providing essential services:
    • Education: Establishing and funding public schools, setting curriculum standards
    • Public safety: Maintaining police departments, fire departments, and emergency services
    • Infrastructure: Building and maintaining roads, bridges, and public transportation systems
    • Health and welfare: Administering programs like Medicaid, unemployment insurance, and child protective services
  • States and local governments also regulate businesses, manage land use, and collect taxes

State Constitutions and Charters

  • Each state has its own constitution that outlines the structure and powers of its government
    • Often more detailed and longer than the U.S. Constitution
  • State constitutions can be amended through various processes (legislative action, citizen initiatives, constitutional conventions)
  • Local governments are created by state constitutions or statutes and are granted powers through charters
    • Charters serve as the local government's "constitution" and define its structure, powers, and responsibilities
  • The scope of local government authority can be determined by the type of charter:
    • General law charters: Local governments have only powers specifically granted by the state
    • Home rule charters: Local governments have broader authority to govern their own affairs

Funding and Budgets

  • States and local governments rely on various revenue sources:
    • Taxes (income, sales, property)
    • Fees and charges for services
    • Intergovernmental transfers (grants from the federal government)
  • State and local budgets allocate funds for different purposes (education, public safety, infrastructure)
    • Budget process involves executive and legislative branches working together
  • States and local governments must balance their budgets, unlike the federal government
  • Economic downturns can significantly impact state and local budgets, leading to spending cuts or tax increases
  • Some states have tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) that restrict the growth of government spending or taxes

Elections and Representation

  • State and local officials are elected through various methods:
    • Partisan elections: Candidates run with party affiliations (governors, state legislators)
    • Nonpartisan elections: Candidates do not run with party affiliations (many local offices)
  • States determine election rules and procedures (voter registration, ballot access, voting methods)
  • Redistricting for state and local offices occurs after each decennial census
    • Process can be controversial due to gerrymandering concerns
  • Some states and localities have adopted reforms to increase representation and participation:
    • Term limits for elected officials
    • Campaign finance regulations
    • Initiatives and referendums allowing citizens to directly vote on laws or constitutional amendments

Intergovernmental Relations

  • Federal, state, and local governments interact and cooperate in various ways:
    • Federal grants to states and localities for specific purposes (Medicaid, transportation)
    • State and local implementation of federal policies and programs
    • Vertical and horizontal intergovernmental agreements and compacts
  • Conflicts can arise between levels of government over issues like preemption and unfunded mandates
  • States and local governments can act as "laboratories of democracy" by experimenting with policies
    • Successful policies may be adopted by other states or the federal government

Current Issues and Challenges

  • Fiscal stress: States and local governments face budget pressures from rising costs and limited revenue sources
    • Pensions and retiree health care obligations are a growing concern
  • Infrastructure needs: Aging infrastructure requires significant investment and maintenance
  • Education funding and reform: Ensuring equitable and adequate funding for schools and improving student outcomes
  • Public safety and criminal justice reform: Addressing issues like police-community relations and mass incarceration
  • Climate change and environmental protection: Developing policies to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts
  • Economic development and inequality: Promoting job growth and addressing economic disparities within states and localities
  • Preemption and local control: Balancing state authority with the desire for local autonomy on issues like minimum wage and gun control


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.