10.3 Field audio techniques
8 min read•august 21, 2024
Field audio techniques are crucial for capturing high-quality sound in journalism. From choosing the right microphone to proper placement and level management, mastering these skills ensures clear and professional recordings in various environments.
Understanding different microphone types, protecting equipment from wind and weather, and implementing backup strategies are essential. These techniques, combined with post-production considerations and equipment maintenance, form the foundation of successful field audio production.
Types of microphones
- Microphones serve as the foundation for capturing high-quality audio in field production for journalism
- Different microphone types offer unique advantages for various recording scenarios encountered during on-location shoots
- Understanding microphone characteristics enables journalists to select the most appropriate tool for each situation
Handheld vs lavalier
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- Handheld microphones provide versatility and control during interviews
- Lavalier microphones offer discreet, hands-free operation for on-camera talent
- Handheld mics typically have a cardioid pickup pattern, ideal for isolating the speaker's voice
- Lavalier mics often use omnidirectional capsules, allowing for natural movement without changes in volume
Shotgun microphones
- Highly directional microphones designed for long-distance sound capture
- Feature an interference tube that rejects off-axis sounds
- Commonly used for capturing dialogue in film and video production
- Require precise aiming to achieve optimal results
- Work well for capturing audio from a distance in noisy environments
Wireless systems
- Consist of a transmitter and receiver, allowing for cable-free audio recording
- Provide increased mobility for both the subject and the camera operator
- Operate on various frequency bands (UHF, VHF, digital)
- Require careful frequency coordination to avoid interference in multi-system setups
- Battery management becomes crucial for extended shooting sessions
Microphone placement
- Proper microphone placement significantly impacts the quality of recorded audio
- Journalists must consider both audio clarity and visual aesthetics when positioning microphones
- Experimentation and practice lead to improved microphone placement skills
Optimal distance for clarity
- Maintain a distance of 6-12 inches between the microphone and the subject's mouth
- Closer placement increases presence but may introduce plosives and breath noise
- Further distances can capture a more natural sound but may pick up more room reflections
- Consider the microphone's pickup pattern when determining optimal distance
- Adjust placement based on the subject's speaking volume and environmental conditions
Avoiding background noise
- Position microphones away from known noise sources (air conditioners, traffic)
- Use directional microphones to reject off-axis sounds
- Employ acoustic treatments or natural barriers to minimize unwanted noise
- Consider recording at off-peak hours to reduce ambient noise levels
- Communicate with the subject to pause during unexpected noise interruptions
Multiple speaker scenarios
- Utilize separate microphones for each speaker when possible
- Position omnidirectional microphones equidistant from all participants
- Consider using a boom-mounted to capture multiple speakers
- Employ mixing techniques to balance audio levels between speakers
- Brief participants on proper microphone etiquette to ensure clear recordings
Audio levels and monitoring
- Proper audio level management ensures clean, distortion-free recordings
- Continuous monitoring allows for immediate identification and correction of audio issues
- Mastering level control and monitoring techniques improves overall production quality
Setting proper gain
- Adjust input gain to achieve average levels between -12 dB and -6 dB on the meter
- Leave headroom to accommodate unexpected loud sounds without clipping
- Use a test recording to determine optimal gain settings for each subject
- Consider using a limiter to prevent digital clipping on sudden loud noises
- Readjust gain when changing microphones or moving to new environments
Using headphones effectively
- Wear closed-back, over-ear headphones to isolate monitoring from
- Listen for unwanted background noises, distortion, or interference
- Check for proper stereo imaging and balance in multi-microphone setups
- Remove one ear cup periodically to maintain awareness of the surrounding environment
- Use headphone volume levels that allow for accurate assessment without ear fatigue
Reading audio meters
- Familiarize yourself with different metering standards (Peak, VU, PPM)
- Aim for peaks around -6 dB to -3 dB on digital meters
- Watch for consistent clipping or signal overload indicated by red lights or markers
- Pay attention to the quietest parts of the audio to ensure they're above the noise floor
- Use both visual meters and auditory monitoring for comprehensive level assessment
Wind and weather protection
- Wind and moisture pose significant challenges for field audio recording
- Proper protection ensures clean audio capture in adverse weather conditions
- Investing in quality weather protection gear safeguards expensive audio equipment
Windscreens and dead cats
- Foam windscreens provide basic protection against light breezes
- Dead cats (fur-covered windscreens) offer superior wind noise reduction
- Use layered for extreme conditions (foam + dead cat)
- Consider the visual impact of wind protection in on-camera situations
- Clean and maintain windscreens regularly to prevent dirt and debris buildup
Handling rain and moisture
- Use dedicated rain covers or plastic bags to protect microphones and recorders
- Position equipment under natural shelters when possible (awnings, trees)
- Employ moisture-resistant microphones for wet conditions (IP-rated models)
- Carry silica gel packets to absorb moisture in equipment cases
- Allow gear to dry completely before storage to prevent corrosion or mold growth
Capturing ambient sound
- Ambient sound adds depth and context to journalistic audio productions
- Properly recorded ambient tracks enhance the overall storytelling experience
- Capturing clean ambient sound requires patience and attention to detail
Importance of room tone
- Record 30-60 seconds of room tone for each location
- Use room tone to fill gaps in editing and maintain audio continuity
- Capture room tone at the same mic position and settings as the primary audio
- Ensure all participants remain still and quiet during room tone recording
- Consider recording multiple room tone takes to account for subtle variations
Natural soundscapes
- Identify and record unique environmental sounds that characterize a location
- Use stereo recording techniques to capture immersive soundscapes
- Allow sufficient recording time to capture a full range of natural sound elements
- Consider time of day and seasonal variations when planning soundscape recordings
- Use high-quality portable recorders for dedicated ambient sound capture
Dealing with interference
- Interference can degrade audio quality and render recordings unusable
- Identifying and mitigating interference sources is crucial for clean field recordings
- Proactive interference management improves overall production efficiency
Electrical interference sources
- Recognize common sources (fluorescent lights, dimmer switches, power supplies)
- Use balanced audio cables and connectors to reject electromagnetic interference
- Keep audio cables separated from power cables when possible
- Consider battery-powered options for audio gear in high-interference environments
- Test equipment for ground loop issues and use isolation transformers if necessary
Radio frequency interference
- Identify potential RF sources (cell phones, wireless networks, radio transmitters)
- Conduct frequency scans before setting up wireless systems
- Use frequency-agile wireless systems to avoid conflicting frequencies
- Maintain line-of-sight between wireless transmitters and receivers when possible
- Consider using shielded cables and connectors for critical audio paths
Backup audio strategies
- Audio failures can jeopardize entire productions
- Implementing backup strategies safeguards against unexpected technical issues
- Redundant recording methods provide peace of mind during critical shoots
Redundant recording methods
- Use a secondary audio recorder in addition to the primary recording device
- Employ camera-mounted microphones as a backup to wireless or boom mics
- Consider recording to both internal and external media simultaneously
- Use auto-mixing features on multi-channel recorders for simplified backup
- Implement cloud-based backup solutions for immediate off-site storage
Importance of safety tracks
- Record a safety track at a lower level (-10 to -20 dB) than the main track
- Use safety tracks to recover audio in case of unexpected peaks or distortion
- Employ dual-channel recording with different gain settings when possible
- Clearly label safety tracks in metadata for easy identification in post-production
- Review safety tracks periodically to ensure proper recording and levels
Post-production considerations
- Field audio techniques directly impact the post-production workflow
- Anticipating post-production needs during recording streamlines the editing process
- Proper field practices can significantly reduce time spent on audio cleanup
Syncing audio in editing
- Use slate or hand claps at the beginning of each take to create sync points
- Enable jam-sync timecode on all recording devices when available
- Record camera audio, even at a lower quality, to aid in syncing
- Consider using software tools (PluralEyes) for automated audio syncing
- Maintain consistent sampling rates and bit depths across all recording devices
Noise reduction techniques
- Capture clean room tone for use with noise reduction software
- Use directional microphones and proper placement to minimize noise during recording
- Apply noise reduction judiciously to avoid artifacts or unnatural sound
- Consider multi-band noise reduction for complex noise profiles
- Use spectral repair tools for surgical removal of specific unwanted sounds
Equipment maintenance
- Regular maintenance ensures reliable performance and extends equipment lifespan
- Proper care of audio gear is essential for consistent, high-quality recordings
- Establishing maintenance routines prevents unexpected equipment failures
Proper storage and transport
- Use padded cases or bags designed for specific audio equipment
- Remove batteries from devices during long-term storage to prevent corrosion
- Store microphones vertically to prevent moisture buildup in the capsules
- Use desiccant packs in storage cases to control humidity
- Coil cables properly using the over-under technique to prevent damage
Regular testing and cleaning
- Perform visual and audio checks of all equipment before each shoot
- Clean microphone grilles and windscreens with soft brushes and mild soap solutions
- Use contact cleaner on connectors and switches to ensure proper electrical contact
- Test all cables for continuity and replace those showing signs of wear
- Calibrate audio meters and check battery health on a regular schedule
Legal and ethical considerations
- Understanding legal and ethical aspects of field recording is crucial for journalists
- Compliance with recording laws protects both the journalist and the subjects
- Ethical considerations in audio recording contribute to maintaining journalistic integrity
Consent for recording
- Obtain clear, informed consent from all parties before recording audio
- Explain the purpose and potential uses of the recorded material
- Be aware of situations where implied consent may apply (public events)
- Respect requests to stop recording or delete recorded material
- Maintain written or recorded evidence of consent for future reference
Privacy laws in public spaces
- Familiarize yourself with local and national laws regarding audio recording in public
- Understand the concept of "reasonable expectation of privacy"
- Be aware of restrictions in certain public spaces (courtrooms, government buildings)
- Consider the ethical implications of recording in public, even when legally permissible
- Respect posted signage prohibiting recording in specific areas
Key Terms to Review (18)
Ambient sound: Ambient sound refers to the background noise that exists in a specific environment, which helps to create a sense of place and atmosphere in audio and visual storytelling. It plays a crucial role in establishing the mood of a scene, enhancing the viewer's experience, and can also be used creatively to complement dialogue and sound effects. Understanding ambient sound is vital for effective audio capture, mixing, and editing, as it adds depth to the overall narrative.
Audio interface: An audio interface is a device that connects microphones and other audio equipment to a computer, converting analog signals into digital data for recording and processing. It serves as a bridge between audio sources and the digital realm, enhancing the quality of audio input and output. Audio interfaces are crucial for various tasks like voiceover recording, field audio techniques, and understanding different microphone types and recording techniques.
Audio mixing: Audio mixing is the process of combining multiple audio tracks into a single cohesive sound output. This involves adjusting levels, panning, equalization, and adding effects to ensure that each audio element, such as dialogue, music, and sound effects, blends seamlessly together. A well-executed mix can greatly enhance the storytelling and emotional impact of a production.
Audio restoration: Audio restoration refers to the process of improving the quality of sound recordings by removing unwanted noise, artifacts, or distortions that have occurred over time. This technique is crucial for preserving the integrity of audio content, ensuring that it can be enjoyed and understood as intended. Techniques used in audio restoration include noise reduction, equalization, and spectral editing, all aimed at enhancing clarity and overall listening experience.
Background noise: Background noise refers to any unwanted ambient sound that can interfere with the clarity and quality of primary audio recordings. This can include sounds from the environment, such as traffic, people talking, or wind, which are particularly relevant when capturing audio in field settings or during on-location interviews. Managing background noise is essential to ensure that the main subject’s voice is clear and free from distractions.
Binaural recording: Binaural recording is an audio technique that uses two microphones to create a three-dimensional sound experience, simulating how human ears perceive sound. This method captures sound in a way that mimics the natural hearing process, allowing listeners to experience audio as if they were physically present in the environment. The result is a more immersive experience, which is especially useful in field audio techniques for capturing realistic soundscapes.
Dynamic Range: Dynamic range refers to the difference between the brightest and darkest parts of an image or sound that a camera or audio recording system can capture. It’s crucial in determining how well a device can reproduce details in highlights and shadows without losing information. A wider dynamic range allows for greater detail and contrast, especially in scenes with significant lighting differences, impacting exposure settings, low-light performance, and sound mixing techniques.
Echo reduction: Echo reduction refers to techniques used in audio production to minimize or eliminate unwanted echoes and reverberations in recordings, particularly in field audio settings. This process is crucial for achieving clear and intelligible sound, especially when capturing dialogue or other important sounds in various environments. Effective echo reduction enhances the quality of the audio, ensuring that the intended sounds stand out without interference from background noise or reflections.
Field Recorder: A field recorder is a portable device used to capture audio in various environments outside of a traditional studio setting. These devices are essential for journalists, as they enable the recording of high-quality sound, including interviews, ambient sounds, and sound effects, which can enhance storytelling and reporting. Field recorders often have multiple inputs for microphones, allowing for versatile audio capture that is crucial when working in dynamic field conditions.
Isolation techniques: Isolation techniques refer to methods used in audio production to minimize or eliminate unwanted background noise during field recordings. These techniques are crucial for ensuring that the primary sound source is captured cleanly, allowing for a more professional and polished audio result. By utilizing various strategies, sound engineers can enhance the clarity and focus of the desired audio while reducing interference from environmental sounds.
Lavalier microphone: A lavalier microphone, also known as a lapel mic, is a small, clip-on microphone designed for hands-free use, allowing speakers to move freely while capturing their voice clearly. This type of microphone is widely used in interviews, presentations, and on-stage performances due to its discreet size and ability to produce high-quality audio without being intrusive. Lavalier microphones are often wired or wireless, making them versatile for various recording environments.
Mp3: MP3 is a digital audio encoding format that compresses sound files while maintaining high-quality audio playback. This format revolutionized the way we store and share music and audio, making it a standard choice in various audio recording, editing, and field audio applications. Its ability to significantly reduce file sizes allows for easier distribution and storage, which is essential for both professional and amateur projects.
Shotgun microphone: A shotgun microphone is a highly directional audio recording device designed to capture sound from a specific source while minimizing background noise. Its long, narrow pickup pattern allows for focused audio capture, making it ideal for situations where you want to isolate sound from a distance, such as interviews or live events. This microphone type is crucial for achieving high-quality audio in various recording settings, especially in field production and journalism.
Signal-to-noise ratio: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a measure used to quantify the level of a desired signal in relation to the level of background noise. A higher SNR indicates a clearer and more distinguishable signal, which is crucial in audio recording and production, especially when dealing with various microphone types and field audio techniques. Understanding SNR helps in selecting the right equipment and methods for capturing high-quality sound.
Sound design: Sound design refers to the process of creating, recording, manipulating, and generating audio elements for various media, including films, television shows, and podcasts. It plays a crucial role in enhancing the narrative by providing atmosphere, emphasizing emotions, and guiding audience reactions through audio cues. Good sound design can elevate a project, making it more engaging and immersive for viewers or listeners.
Sound editing software: Sound editing software is a type of application designed to record, edit, manipulate, and mix audio files for various media projects. It allows users to cut, splice, and layer sound clips, making it an essential tool in creating professional-quality audio that complements visuals. By using such software, creators can enhance audio clarity, add effects, and ensure that sound aligns perfectly with the visual elements of a project.
Wav: WAV, or Waveform Audio File Format, is an audio file format developed by Microsoft and IBM for storing waveform data. It's a popular choice in audio recording due to its high quality, uncompressed nature, which makes it ideal for capturing sound without losing any fidelity. This format is often used in various audio recording techniques, enhancing audio quality in editing, and is important for field recordings where capturing the best sound possible is crucial.
Wind protection: Wind protection refers to techniques and equipment used to minimize the impact of wind noise on audio recordings, particularly in outdoor environments. By reducing wind interference, it helps to ensure clear sound capture, which is essential for high-quality field audio. Various tools like windshields and dead cats are commonly employed to provide this necessary shielding.