🎞️Film History and Form Unit 8 – Screenwriting & Narrative Structure

Key Concepts in Screenwriting

• Screenwriting involves crafting a blueprint for a visual medium, focusing on what the audience will see and hear on screen
• Screenplays are typically structured in three acts (setup, confrontation, resolution) to create a compelling narrative arc
• Screenwriters must balance showing and telling, using action and dialogue to convey information and advance the story
• Effective screenwriting requires a strong understanding of character development, motivation, and conflict
• Screenplays are written in a specific format that includes scene headings, action lines, character names, and dialogue
• Visual storytelling techniques such as foreshadowing, symbolism, and metaphor can enhance the impact of a screenplay
• Screenwriters often collaborate with directors, producers, and other creative team members to refine the script and bring the story to life on screen

Elements of Narrative Structure

• Narrative structure refers to the way a story is organized and presented to the audience, typically following a beginning, middle, and end
• The inciting incident is a key event that sets the story in motion and propels the protagonist into action
• Rising action involves a series of escalating conflicts and challenges that the protagonist must overcome to achieve their goal
• The climax is the highest point of tension in the story, where the protagonist faces their greatest obstacle and makes a critical decision
• Falling action follows the climax and shows the consequences of the protagonist's actions and the resolution of the main conflict
• The denouement provides closure and ties up loose ends, often showing how the characters have changed as a result of their journey
• Non-linear narrative structures (flashbacks, flash-forwards) can be used to create mystery, reveal character backstories, or explore themes in a unique way

Character Development

• Well-developed characters are essential to engaging the audience and driving the narrative forward
• Protagonists should have clear goals, motivations, and flaws that make them relatable and compelling to watch
• Antagonists provide obstacles and conflict for the protagonist, often embodying opposing values or worldviews
• Supporting characters can offer comic relief, provide exposition, or serve as foils to highlight the protagonist's qualities
• Character arcs illustrate how characters change and grow over the course of the story, often in response to the challenges they face
  • Positive arcs show characters overcoming their flaws and becoming better versions of themselves
  • Negative arcs depict characters succumbing to their weaknesses and making destructive choices
• Backstories and defining moments can help explain a character's behavior and make their actions more understandable and impactful

Plot and Story Arcs

• The plot is the sequence of events that make up the story, while the story arc refers to the emotional journey of the characters
• A well-constructed plot should have a clear beginning, middle, and end, with each event building upon the last to create a satisfying narrative
• Subplots involve secondary characters and storylines that intersect with and complement the main plot, adding depth and complexity to the narrative
• Plot twists are unexpected turns in the story that surprise the audience and keep them engaged, often revealing new information or shifting the power dynamics between characters
• Pacing refers to the speed at which the story unfolds, with effective pacing balancing moments of tension and release to maintain audience interest
• Thematic arcs explore the underlying ideas and messages of the story, often through the characters' experiences and the consequences of their actions
• Effective plots often incorporate setups and payoffs, where elements introduced early in the story become significant later on, creating a sense of cohesion and satisfaction for the audience

Dialogue and Scene Writing

• Dialogue serves multiple purposes in a screenplay, including revealing character, advancing the plot, and establishing tone and theme
• Effective dialogue should sound natural and authentic to the characters, while also being concise and purposeful in moving the story forward
• Subtext refers to the underlying meanings and emotions beneath the surface of the dialogue, often conveyed through tone, body language, and what is left unsaid
• Scene description should be vivid and visual, focusing on the essential details that will appear on screen and help the reader imagine the scene
• Each scene should have a clear purpose and conflict, with characters pursuing specific goals and encountering obstacles along the way
• Transitions between scenes can be used to create a sense of continuity or contrast, often through visual or thematic connections
• Effective scenes often incorporate a balance of action and dialogue, with characters doing things while they talk to keep the story dynamic and engaging

Screenplay Formatting

• Screenplays follow a specific format that includes scene headings, action lines, character names, and dialogue
• Scene headings indicate the location and time of day of the scene, using "INT." for interior scenes and "EXT." for exterior scenes
• Action lines describe what is happening in the scene, using present tense and focusing on the visual elements that will appear on screen
• Character names appear in all caps the first time they are introduced in the script, and then in regular case for subsequent appearances
• Dialogue is centered on the page, with the character's name in all caps above their speech
• Parentheticals can be used sparingly to indicate a character's tone or action, appearing in parentheses below the character's name
• Transitions such as "CUT TO:" or "FADE IN:" can be used to indicate changes between scenes or the beginning and end of the script

Genre Conventions and Expectations

• Different genres (comedy, drama, horror) have specific conventions and expectations that shape the story, characters, and tone
• Understanding and subverting genre conventions can help create fresh and surprising stories that still feel satisfying to audiences
• Comedy often relies on exaggerated characters, misunderstandings, and unexpected juxtapositions to create humor
  • Romantic comedies typically follow a "boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl back" structure, with the couple overcoming obstacles to be together
  • Buddy comedies pair two contrasting characters who must work together to achieve a common goal, often learning from each other along the way
• Drama focuses on realistic characters and situations, exploring the complexities of human emotions and relationships
  • Family dramas often involve conflicts between generations or siblings, with characters struggling to communicate and understand each other
  • Period dramas are set in a specific historical era, using the customs and values of the time to shape the characters and conflicts
• Horror aims to create a sense of fear and dread in the audience, often through the use of suspense, gore, and supernatural elements
  • Slasher films typically feature a masked killer stalking and murdering a group of characters, often with a final girl surviving to confront the killer
  • Psychological horror explores the inner fears and traumas of the characters, blurring the lines between reality and imagination

Analyzing Famous Screenplays

• Studying successful screenplays can provide valuable insights into effective storytelling techniques and help aspiring writers improve their craft
• "Casablanca" is a classic example of a well-structured screenplay, with a clear inciting incident, rising action, and satisfying resolution
  • The screenplay balances multiple storylines and characters, using subplots to add depth and complexity to the main narrative
  • The dialogue is witty and memorable, revealing character and theme through subtext and double meanings
• "Pulp Fiction" is known for its non-linear structure and interconnected storylines, which create a sense of surprise and inevitability as the pieces fall into place
  • The screenplay uses vivid and stylized dialogue to establish the unique tone and world of the story
  • The characters are complex and morally ambiguous, with their choices and actions driving the plot forward in unexpected ways
• "Get Out" is a masterful blend of horror and social commentary, using genre conventions to explore deeper themes of racism and oppression
  • The screenplay uses foreshadowing and symbolism to hint at the sinister truth beneath the surface of the story
  • The protagonist's arc is a powerful journey of realization and empowerment, as he uncovers the truth and fights back against his oppressors