📺Film and Media Theory Unit 9 – Postcolonial & Third Cinema Theory

Historical Context

• Postcolonial theory emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the legacy of European colonialism and imperialism
• Decolonization movements in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean during the 1940s-1960s led to the rise of newly independent nations (India, Algeria, Kenya)
• Intellectuals from formerly colonized countries, such as Frantz Fanon and Edward Said, began to critique the cultural, political, and economic impact of colonialism
  • Frantz Fanon's "The Wretched of the Earth" (1961) analyzed the psychological effects of colonialism and the need for violent resistance
  • Edward Said's "Orientalism" (1978) examined how Western representations of the "Orient" perpetuated colonial power structures
• Postcolonial theory intersected with other critical movements, including Marxism, feminism, and poststructuralism
• The rise of Third Cinema in the 1960s-1970s coincided with the growth of postcolonial theory, as filmmakers from the Global South sought to challenge dominant Western cinematic traditions
• Postcolonial theory and Third Cinema aimed to deconstruct Eurocentric narratives and give voice to marginalized perspectives

Key Concepts in Postcolonial Theory

• Colonialism refers to the practice of one nation establishing political, economic, and cultural control over another territory and its people
• Imperialism is the ideological and systemic extension of colonial power through various means, including military force, economic exploitation, and cultural hegemony
• Decolonization is the process of dismantling colonial structures and asserting the independence and self-determination of formerly colonized nations
• Hybridity describes the mixing and blending of cultural identities, practices, and forms that result from colonial encounters
  • Homi Bhabha's concept of the "Third Space" suggests that hybrid identities can challenge binary oppositions and create new possibilities for resistance
• Subaltern refers to marginalized or oppressed groups within colonial and postcolonial societies, often based on factors such as class, race, gender, and ethnicity
• Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, is the Western construction of the "Orient" as an exotic, inferior, and static Other
• Diaspora describes the dispersal and migration of people from their ancestral homelands, often due to colonial displacement or voluntary movement
• Resistance encompasses the various strategies and actions employed by colonized and postcolonial subjects to challenge and subvert colonial power structures

Third Cinema: Origins and Principles

• Third Cinema emerged in the 1960s-1970s as a radical filmmaking movement in Latin America, Africa, and Asia
• The term was coined by Argentine filmmakers Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino in their 1969 manifesto "Towards a Third Cinema"
• Third Cinema sought to challenge the dominant Hollywood model (First Cinema) and European art cinema (Second Cinema) by creating politically engaged, socially conscious films
• Key principles of Third Cinema include:
  • Rejection of commercial and bourgeois cinema in favor of a cinema of liberation and revolution
  • Emphasis on collective production and distribution practices, often outside of mainstream channels
  • Use of film as a tool for raising political consciousness and mobilizing audiences for social change
  • Representation of the struggles and experiences of the working class, peasants, and marginalized communities
• Third Cinema drew inspiration from anti-colonial and anti-imperialist movements, as well as Marxist and socialist ideologies
• Filmmakers aimed to decolonize the screen by reclaiming control over their own narratives and challenging Western stereotypes and exoticization
• Third Cinema often employed experimental and avant-garde techniques, such as non-linear storytelling, direct address to the camera, and incorporation of documentary elements

Major Filmmakers and Works

• Glauber Rocha (Brazil): "Black God, White Devil" (1964), "Antonio das Mortes" (1969)
  • Rocha was a key figure in the Cinema Novo movement, which sought to create a distinctly Brazilian cinema that addressed social and political issues
• Ousmane Sembène (Senegal): "Black Girl" (1966), "Xala" (1975)
  • Sembène is considered the father of African cinema and used his films to critique colonialism, neocolonialism, and the failures of post-independence African states
• Satyajit Ray (India): "The Apu Trilogy" (1955-1959), "The Big City" (1963)
  • Ray's films offered humanistic portrayals of Indian life and culture, often focusing on the struggles of ordinary people in a changing society
• Sanjay Kak (India): "Jashn-e-Azadi" (2007), "Red Ant Dream" (2013)
  • Kak's documentaries explore issues of political resistance, human rights, and social movements in contemporary India
• Gillo Pontecorvo (Italy/Algeria): "The Battle of Algiers" (1966)
  • Pontecorvo's groundbreaking film recreated the Algerian struggle for independence from French colonial rule, using a neorealist style and non-professional actors
• Tomás Gutiérrez Alea (Cuba): "Memories of Underdevelopment" (1968), "The Last Supper" (1976)
  • Alea's films critically examined the Cuban Revolution and its aftermath, often using satire and irony to question official narratives

Themes and Stylistic Approaches

• Decolonization and resistance: Third Cinema films often depict the struggles of colonized and oppressed peoples against colonial and neocolonial powers
• National identity and cultural heritage: Filmmakers seek to assert and celebrate the unique histories, traditions, and identities of their nations and communities
• Class struggle and social inequality: Many films focus on the experiences of the working class, peasants, and marginalized groups, highlighting issues of poverty, exploitation, and injustice
• Gender and sexuality: Third Cinema has increasingly addressed the intersections of colonialism, patriarchy, and heteronormativity, exploring the experiences of women and LGBTQ+ individuals
• Hybridity and cultural syncretism: Films often reflect the mixing and blending of cultural influences, challenging essentialist notions of identity and authenticity
• Experimental and avant-garde techniques: Filmmakers employ non-linear narratives, fragmentation, and self-reflexivity to challenge conventional cinematic forms and engage audiences in active meaning-making
• Incorporation of indigenous and folk elements: Many films draw upon local cultural traditions, such as oral storytelling, music, and dance, to assert cultural identity and resist cultural imperialism
• Use of non-professional actors and real locations: Third Cinema often blurs the lines between fiction and documentary, using non-actors and shooting in real settings to create a sense of authenticity and immediacy

Critical Reception and Debates

• Third Cinema has been celebrated for its political commitment and aesthetic innovation, challenging dominant Western cinematic traditions and giving voice to marginalized perspectives
• Critics have debated the effectiveness of Third Cinema in achieving its revolutionary goals, questioning whether films can truly mobilize audiences for social change
• Some scholars have critiqued the masculinist and nationalist tendencies within Third Cinema, calling for greater attention to gender, sexuality, and transnational solidarity
• The concept of Third Cinema has been contested and redefined over time, with some arguing for a more expansive understanding that includes diasporic and postcolonial filmmaking beyond the Global South
• Critics have also examined the reception and circulation of Third Cinema films within global film festivals and academic contexts, highlighting issues of cultural translation and appropriation
• The relationship between Third Cinema and other alternative cinematic practices, such as Fourth Cinema (indigenous filmmaking) and accented cinema (diasporic filmmaking), has been a subject of critical inquiry
• Debates have emerged around the politics of representation in Third Cinema, including questions of authenticity, essentialism, and the "burden of representation" placed on filmmakers from the Global South

Impact on Global Cinema

• Third Cinema has inspired and influenced filmmakers around the world, challenging dominant cinematic practices and asserting the importance of politically engaged and socially conscious filmmaking
• The movement has contributed to the development of alternative production, distribution, and exhibition networks, such as film collectives, community screenings, and online platforms
• Third Cinema has helped to diversify global film culture, bringing attention to the cinematic traditions and perspectives of the Global South
• The critical and commercial success of some Third Cinema films has opened up new opportunities for filmmakers from the Global South within international film festivals and markets
• Third Cinema has intersected with other global cinematic movements, such as New Latin American Cinema, African Cinema, and Asian New Wave, creating a rich tapestry of alternative and oppositional filmmaking practices
• The aesthetics and themes of Third Cinema have been appropriated and remixed by filmmakers working in various contexts, from Hollywood to the avant-garde
• The legacy of Third Cinema can be seen in the work of contemporary filmmakers who continue to challenge dominant power structures and give voice to marginalized communities

Contemporary Relevance and Future Directions

• In an era of globalization and neoliberalism, the critical insights of postcolonial theory and Third Cinema remain relevant for understanding and challenging ongoing forms of cultural, economic, and political domination
• The rise of digital technologies and social media has created new opportunities for marginalized communities to produce and circulate their own stories and images, echoing the democratizing impulses of Third Cinema
• Contemporary filmmakers from the Global South continue to engage with the themes and strategies of Third Cinema, while also experimenting with new forms and genres, such as digital documentaries, web series, and transmedia projects
• The increasing visibility and success of filmmakers from the Global South within international film festivals and markets raises questions about the politics of inclusion, representation, and cultural capital in the global film industry
• The intersections of postcolonial theory and Third Cinema with other critical frameworks, such as ecocriticism, disability studies, and queer theory, offer new avenues for exploring the complexities of identity, power, and resistance in a changing world
• The ongoing decolonization of film studies and the academy more broadly requires a sustained engagement with the histories, theories, and practices of Third Cinema and other alternative cinematic traditions
• As the global film landscape continues to evolve, the spirit of Third Cinema – its commitment to social justice, its critique of dominant power structures, and its celebration of marginalized voices – remains a vital source of inspiration and resistance