🏎️Engineering Mechanics – Dynamics Unit 3 – Work, Energy, and Power in Dynamics

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Work defined as the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force $W = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{d}$
• Energy the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)
  • Kinetic energy the energy of motion, depends on mass and velocity $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$
  • Potential energy the energy stored in a system due to its position or configuration, includes gravitational and elastic potential energy
• Power the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W) $P = \frac{dW}{dt}$
• Conservative forces forces that do work independent of the path taken, such as gravity and elastic forces
• Non-conservative forces forces that depend on the path taken, such as friction and air resistance
• Mechanical energy the sum of kinetic and potential energy in a system $ME = KE + PE$

Work-Energy Principle

• States that the change in kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the net work done on the particle $\Delta KE = W_{net}$
• Allows for the analysis of motion without considering time explicitly
• Applies to both constant and varying forces
• Useful for solving problems involving the motion of particles and rigid bodies
• Can be extended to systems with multiple particles or rigid bodies
• Helps to simplify complex problems by focusing on initial and final states rather than intermediate details
• Provides a connection between the concepts of work, energy, and power

Kinetic Energy

• Depends on the mass and velocity of an object $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$
• Always positive or zero, never negative
• Increases with the square of velocity, making it sensitive to changes in speed
• Can be transferred between objects through collisions or interactions
• Translational kinetic energy associated with linear motion $KE_{trans} = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$
• Rotational kinetic energy associated with angular motion $KE_{rot} = \frac{1}{2}I\omega^2$, where $I$ is the moment of inertia and $\omega$ is the angular velocity
• Total kinetic energy is the sum of translational and rotational kinetic energy $KE_{total} = KE_{trans} + KE_{rot}$

Potential Energy

• Energy stored in a system due to its position or configuration
• Gravitational potential energy $PE_g = mgh$, where $h$ is the height above a reference level
  • Depends on the mass of the object and its vertical position in a gravitational field
• Elastic potential energy $PE_e = \frac{1}{2}kx^2$, where $k$ is the spring constant and $x$ is the displacement from equilibrium
  • Stored in deformed elastic materials, such as springs or rubber bands
• Chemical potential energy stored in chemical bonds, released during chemical reactions (batteries)
• Electrical potential energy stored in charged particles or electric fields (capacitors)
• Potential energy is a relative quantity, depending on the choice of reference level or configuration

Conservation of Energy

• States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
• Applies to closed systems, where no external forces do work on the system
• Total mechanical energy remains constant in the absence of non-conservative forces $ME_i = ME_f$
• Allows for the analysis of motion by equating initial and final energy states
• Helps to predict the behavior of systems without considering the details of the motion
• Can be extended to include other forms of energy, such as thermal or chemical energy
• Provides a powerful tool for understanding and solving problems in mechanics and other fields

Power in Mechanical Systems

• Defined as the rate of doing work or transferring energy $P = \frac{dW}{dt}$
• Instantaneous power $P = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{v}$, where $\vec{F}$ is the force and $\vec{v}$ is the velocity
• Average power $P_{avg} = \frac{W}{\Delta t}$, where $W$ is the work done over a time interval $\Delta t$
• Useful for analyzing the performance and efficiency of mechanical systems (engines, motors)
• Power output limited by the maximum force and velocity that a system can generate
• Mechanical power can be converted to other forms, such as electrical or hydraulic power
• Understanding power is crucial for designing and optimizing mechanical systems

Applications and Problem-Solving Strategies

• Identify the system and the relevant forces acting on it
• Determine the type of energy present in the system (kinetic, potential, or both)
• Apply the work-energy principle or conservation of energy, depending on the presence of non-conservative forces
• Use the appropriate equations for work, kinetic energy, potential energy, and power
• Consider initial and final states, as well as any constraints or boundary conditions
• Break complex problems into smaller, more manageable sub-problems
• Analyze the results and check for consistency with physical laws and intuition
• Use dimensional analysis to verify the correctness of equations and solutions

Real-World Examples and Case Studies

• Roller coasters: conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa, with friction as a non-conservative force
• Pendulums: exchange of kinetic and potential energy, with air resistance as a non-conservative force (grandfather clocks)
• Hydroelectric power plants: conversion of gravitational potential energy of water into electrical energy
• Automotive engines: conversion of chemical potential energy (fuel) into mechanical power, with friction and heat as non-conservative factors
• Projectile motion: interplay of kinetic and potential energy, with air resistance as a non-conservative force (sports, ballistics)
• Elastic collisions: conservation of kinetic energy and momentum in the absence of non-conservative forces (billiards, Newton's cradle)
• Wind turbines: conversion of kinetic energy of wind into mechanical and electrical power, with efficiency limited by non-conservative forces
• Regenerative braking: conversion of kinetic energy into electrical potential energy during deceleration, improving energy efficiency (electric vehicles, hybrid cars)