🏛️Curatorial Studies Unit 7 – Art Handling: Conservation & Storage
Art handling is a crucial aspect of curatorial studies, focusing on the preservation and protection of cultural heritage objects. This unit covers conservation principles, handling techniques, environmental control, storage solutions, and packing methods for various art forms.
Proper documentation, risk assessment, and emergency preparedness are essential for long-term collection care. Students learn about ethical considerations, specialized equipment, and best practices for maintaining the integrity and authenticity of artworks while ensuring their safety during storage, transport, and exhibition.
Conservation involves the preservation, protection, and restoration of cultural heritage objects
Preventive conservation focuses on minimizing deterioration and damage to objects through environmental control, proper handling, and storage
Interventive conservation includes treatments such as cleaning, repair, and stabilization of objects
Restoration aims to return an object to its original appearance or function, often involving more extensive interventions
Authenticity refers to the genuineness and originality of an object, which can be affected by conservation treatments
Provenance is the history of ownership and custody of an object, providing context for its significance and value
Condition reports document the physical state of an object at a specific point in time, noting any damage, alterations, or conservation needs
Conservation Principles and Ethics
The primary goal of conservation is to preserve the physical and cultural integrity of objects for future generations
Conservators must adhere to professional codes of ethics, which prioritize the long-term preservation of objects over short-term aesthetic considerations
Minimal intervention is a key principle, involving the least invasive and most reversible treatments possible
Documentation is essential, recording all examination findings, treatment decisions, and procedures performed on an object
Conservators must respect the original materials and techniques used in the creation of an object, as well as any alterations that reflect its history and use
Collaboration with curators, art historians, and other experts is necessary to make informed decisions about the care and treatment of objects
Continuing education and research are important for staying current with best practices and new technologies in the field
Handling Techniques for Different Art Forms
Paintings require careful handling to avoid damage to the canvas, frame, and surface
Use clean, dry hands or nitrile gloves to prevent transfer of oils and dirt
Support the painting from the bottom and sides, never putting pressure on the canvas
Sculptures may be heavy, fragile, or have complex surfaces that require special handling
Plan the move in advance, ensuring a clear path and adequate support
Use padded gloves, straps, or specialized equipment to distribute weight evenly
Works on paper are particularly sensitive to light, humidity, and physical damage
Handle paper by the edges, using gloves or clean hands
Support the paper fully when moving, using a rigid backing board if necessary
Textiles should be handled as little as possible to minimize stress on fibers
Use clean, padded surfaces and gentle, even support when moving textiles
Avoid folding or creasing, which can cause permanent damage
Photographs have specific sensitivities to light, humidity, and pollutants
Wear gloves to prevent transfer of fingerprints and oils
Store photographs in archival-quality enclosures and avoid exposure to light
Environmental Control and Monitoring
Temperature and relative humidity levels must be carefully regulated to prevent damage to objects
Ideal ranges vary by material, but generally aim for stability and avoidance of extremes
Fluctuations in temperature and humidity can cause expansion, contraction, and warping of materials
Light exposure should be minimized, as UV and visible light can fade colors and degrade materials over time
Use low-wattage bulbs, UV filters, and timed controls to limit light levels
Rotate light-sensitive objects on display to reduce cumulative exposure
Air quality is important, as pollutants and particulates can settle on surfaces and cause chemical reactions
Use air filtration systems to remove dust, gases, and other contaminants
Monitor and control ventilation to prevent introduction of outdoor pollutants
Integrated pest management (IPM) is necessary to prevent insect and rodent damage to collections
Implement regular monitoring, trapping, and inspection protocols
Use sealed storage enclosures and quarantine procedures for new acquisitions
Storage Solutions and Materials
Archival-quality materials are essential for long-term storage of objects
Use acid-free boxes, folders, and tissue paper to prevent chemical deterioration
Choose inert plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene for housing objects
Storage furniture should be sturdy, adjustable, and non-reactive
Metal shelving and cabinets are preferred over wood, which can off-gas harmful compounds
Use padded drawers, dividers, and supports to prevent shifting and damage
Specialized housing may be needed for fragile or oversized objects
Custom-built crates, mounts, and mannequins can provide tailored support and protection
Consult with conservators and mount-makers to design appropriate housing solutions
Storage areas should be secure, climate-controlled, and regularly monitored
Limit access to designated staff and maintain strict protocols for object handling and movement
Implement disaster preparedness measures, such as water detection and fire suppression systems
Packing and Transportation Methods
Packing materials should provide adequate cushioning, support, and protection from shock and vibration
Use archival-quality foams, bubble wrap, and tissue paper to pad and separate objects
Avoid materials like newspaper, wool, and rubber, which can degrade or transfer harmful substances
Packing techniques should be tailored to the specific needs of each object
Double-boxing, cavity packing, and suspension systems can provide additional layers of protection
Label boxes clearly with object information, handling instructions, and any special precautions
Transportation methods should be chosen based on the fragility, size, and destination of the objects
Fine art shippers specialize in the secure transport of high-value and delicate objects
Climate-controlled trucks, air-ride suspension, and GPS tracking can ensure safe transit
Courier accompaniment may be necessary for high-value or extremely fragile objects
Couriers oversee the packing, unpacking, and installation of objects at the destination
They can also monitor environmental conditions and handle any emergencies during transit
Documentation and Record Keeping
Thorough documentation is essential for the long-term care and management of collections
Create detailed condition reports, treatment records, and photographs to track changes over time
Use standardized forms and terminology to ensure consistency and clarity
Collection management systems (CMS) can help centralize and organize object records
Digital databases allow for easy searching, updating, and sharing of information
Integrate conservation documentation with curatorial and registration records for a holistic view of each object
Photographic documentation should be high-quality, color-accurate, and properly labeled
Use scale bars, color charts, and consistent lighting to ensure accurate representation of objects
Store digital files in multiple secure locations and create backup copies regularly
Loan and exhibition records should include detailed condition reports and shipping documentation
Specify any special handling, installation, or environmental requirements for borrowed objects
Retain copies of all loan agreements, insurance certificates, and shipping receipts
Risk Assessment and Emergency Preparedness
Identify and prioritize potential risks to collections, such as fire, flood, theft, and vandalism
Conduct regular risk assessments and update emergency plans accordingly
Install appropriate detection and suppression systems, such as smoke detectors and sprinklers
Develop a comprehensive emergency preparedness and response plan
Assign roles and responsibilities for staff members during an emergency
Establish procedures for evacuation, salvage, and recovery of objects
Train staff in emergency response procedures and conduct regular drills
Ensure all staff know the location and use of emergency equipment, such as fire extinguishers and first aid kits
Practice scenarios for different types of emergencies, including natural disasters and human-caused incidents
Establish relationships with local emergency responders and conservation professionals
Invite fire department and police personnel to tour the facility and familiarize themselves with the layout and collections
Maintain a list of trusted conservators and disaster recovery specialists who can provide assistance in the event of an emergency
Create emergency supply kits and store them in easily accessible locations
Include items such as flashlights, batteries, gloves, masks, and plastic sheeting
Regularly check and update supplies to ensure they are in good condition and ready for use