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Unit 7: 1890-1945

AP US History

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Review of Period 7

Get ready to cover every topic in Period 7, which will be on this year's exam. We learn about contextualization, the Progressive movement, WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII. Bring a notebook and get ready to study!

DBQs and LEQs - Slides

Browse slides from the stream 'Review of Period 7.'

Fiveable Fridays Interwar Trivia

20+ questions on World War I and II and the time in between!

The Great Depression and New Deal

After the Stock Market Crash of 1929, the United States found itself in the midst of a Great Depression. The Election of 1932 pinned Herbert Hoover versus Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR). FDR won by a landslide and rushed to implement measures to help alleviate the impact and suffering caused by the Great Depression by passing legislation under the New Deal. We will look at the 3 R’s of the New Deal (Relief, Recovery, and Reform) and we will explore the ways that the Great Depression impacted various social groups.

The Great Depression and New Deal

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📝study guide

7.0 Unit 7 Overview: Contextualization

First, the US economy grew into a major world importer and exporter, eventually becoming the world’s biggest economy (as measured by Gross Domestic Product, or GDP) by the 1920s. US economic dominance would be near its height at the end of the period in 1945 with the end of World War Two (WWII) thanks partly to US war material production. This transition included smaller trends like increased urbanization, increased industrialization.

America and World War II

25 questions to test your knowledge on America's World War II!

1920s and 1930s - Slides

Browse slides from the stream '1920s and 1930s.'

1920s and 1930s

We’ll first be covering the aftermath of World War One and the transitional culture of the 1920s. After discussing the proponents and opponents of cultural change in the 1920s, we’ll talk about the 1930s. The 1930s brought the Great Depression and President Franklin Roosevelt’s attempt to end it, the New Deal.

Early 20th Century Progressive Era and WWI

The Progressive Movement started with the bullet of an assassin and ended with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. The Progressive movement had four main goals, and reformers aimed to fix the problems produced by the industrial revolution at the local, state, and national level. The U.S. entry into WWI was caused by untenable position of neutrality. The U.S entered the war on the side of the allies, and emerged a world leader.

Early 20th Century Progressive Era and WWI - Slides

Browse slides from the stream 'Early 20th Century Progressive Era and WWI,' where we cover topics including Progressivism, and Global Conflict.

Progressive Era and WWI Trivia

25 questions to test your knowledge on the Progressive Era and WWI!

USA's Shift Towards Empire Building - Slides

Browse slides from the stream 'USA's Shift Towards Empire Building,' where we cover topics including Imperialism.

USA's Shift Towards Empire Building

We will explore how and why the US started to expand beyond its own continental borders during the 1890s and early 1900s. This will include the US’ expansion into the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii & the Philippines) and the Caribbean (Cuba & Puerto Rico) as well as covering the Spanish-American War and parts of World War One.

World War II

On December 7th, 1941, the United States was pulled into the war that had encompassed most of Asia and Europe. Working with the allies, America fought to defeat the totalitarian governments of Japan, Italy, and Nazi Germany. American society was completely transformed during the war, as many women had to enter the workforce for the first time and many parts of the economy had to shift production to support the war efforts. Not only did World War II take down many fascist governments overseas, but it also helped pull the United States out of the Depression and permanently changed parts of the American culture.

The Great Depression

Following the economic success of the roaring twenties, the United States was struck with a stock market plunge that wrecked the economy. Millions of Americans were left without jobs, homes, food, and money. Infamous “Hoovervilles” popped up across the nation, and there was no recovery in sight. The effects of the Great Depression were felt worldwide and it took years to recover from the widespread poverty.

The Roaring 20s

During the 1920s, the US went through dramatic social and political change. The economy boomed with the total wealth doubling throughout the decade. Because of this new wealth, affluent Americans experienced increased consumerism for the first time. It was also the first time in American history that more people lived in cities rather than farms.

World War I

Ever since George Washington proclaimed the United States to be neutral in the Wars of the French Revolution, the United States had a long history of remaining neutral when Europeans were at war. When World War I broke out in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson remained committed to American neutrality, running for re-election with the slogan, "He kept us out of war." In 1917, the Zimmerman Telegram and Germany's announcement that it would resume a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare did what the Lusitania could not: it drew the United States into World War I. The United States government proceeded to mobilize the nation for total war with a massive propaganda campaign aimed at increasing enlistments, selling war bonds, conserving resources, and dehumanizing the enemy.

Black Leaders Under Jim Crow (1890-1930)

The turn of the twentieth century is known as the "nadir" (low point) of American race relations. In the age of Jim Crow, African-Americans debated how to best address inequality and respond to the epidemic of lynchings documented by Ida B. Wells. Booker T. Washington sought to bring about his vision of economic equality and self-help at the Tuskegee Institute, while W.E.B. Du Bois sought political equality through the NAACP. In the 1920s, Marcus Garvey advocated black nationalism and created the largest black mass movement in history when he founded the UNIA.

Progressive Amendments

In addition to passing sweeping legislation regulating business, promoting moral improvement, expanding democracy, and advancing scientific principles, the Progressive reformers also added four amendments to the United States Constitution that made fundamental changes in the way that the federal government interacted with the states and the people. The Sixteenth Amendment authorized the federal government to collect an income tax, while the Seventeenth Amendment mandated the direct election of senators. The Eighteenth Amendment began a failed experiment with Prohibition, while that Nineteenth Amendment began a long and lasting process of bringing women into American politics by recognizing the right of women to vote.

American Imperialism - Slides

Browse slides from the stream 'American Imperialism,' where we cover topics including Global Conflict, and Imperialism.

American Imperialism

In 1898, the United States began its rise as an imperial power with the annexation of Hawaii and the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba after the Spanish-American War. In the immediate aftermath of Alfred Thayer Mahan's publication of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, the United States joined other nations in acquiring naval bases and projecting its power around the world. A revolt in the Philippines tested America's commitment to its own values and its suppression drew criticism from the Anti-Imperialist League, whose members included Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and William Graham Sumner. In the early twentieth century, American foreign policy was projected differently by each president, with Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick, William Howard Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson's Missionary Diplomacy.

The Progressive Era

The Progressive Era was an era in which the role of the United States government was redefined in order to accommodate an increasingly urbanized and ethnically diverse population. The arrival of the New Immigrants brought a massive population that Progressive reformers, such as Jane Addams of the Hull House, sought to assimilate into American society. Progressive presidents expanded the role of government - especially when it came to regulating business and protecting consumers. The FDA was created during Teddy Roosevelt's administration, which also saw the passage of the Meat Inspection Act in response to Upton Sinclair's muckraking novel, The Jungle. Working with President Woodrow Wilson, Congress passed stronger antitrust legislation and attempted to bring an end to child labor.

The Progressive Era - Slides

Browse slides from the stream 'The Progressive Era,' where we cover topics including Progressivism.

Period 7 Review

1898-1945: The World Wars

📝study guide

7.1 Context: America in the World

First, the US economy grew into a major world importer and exporter, eventually becoming the world’s biggest economy (as measured by Gross Domestic Product, or GDP) by the 1920s. US economic dominance would be near its height at the end of the period in 1945 with the end of World War Two (WWII) thanks partly to US war material production. This transition included smaller trends like increased urbanization and increased industrialization. This growth was not without problems and hiccups, so Progressives tried to make the bad parts of industrial society better and the Great Depression challenged US politicians to come up with new solutions to increasing economic instability.

📝study guide

7.2 Imperialism: Debates

Those Americans who favored expansion and imperialism (the control over another group of people, usually without their consent) relied on the following arguments. First, they saw economic opportunities and benefits to conquering places like Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines. The former was useful for naval bases and for growing tropical cash crops. The latter two, while useful for crops too, were seen as important coaling stations, or steam-ship stopping points, between the US and the large market of China.

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7.3 The Spanish-American War

In the 1890s, American public opinion was being swept by a growing wave of jingoism – an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy.

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7.4 The Progressives

If the Gilded Age was a box of manure covered in a thin layer of gold, the Progressives were those who tried to clean up the dirty insides. They were interested in expert rule for the good of society, sometimes whether society wanted them to do so or not. They were often contradictory: they fought corruption, racism, and sexism, yet promoted racism, eugenics, and elitism.

📝study guide

7.5 World War I: Military and Diplomacy

World War One (WWI) broke out in Europe in 1914 and quickly involved much of the world thanks to European colonies and alliances that reached all of the globe. While it might not be completely necessary to know all about the war and its origins, a quick acronym can help you remember the causes of the war: Militarism - countries building up militaries in an arms race

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7.6 World War I: Home Front

Like most conflicts in US history, WWI caused questions about civil liberties, immigration, and opposition (think Alien & Sedition Acts during the Quasi War or Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War). Because the US had experienced such high immigration in the decades before WWI, some Americans questioned the loyalty of recent immigrants, especially if they were from Central Powers countries like Austria-Hungary and Germany.

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7.7 1920s: Innovations

The 1920s were a time of great economic prosperity for some Americans, thus why it is sometimes called the Roaring 20s. Before WWI, the US was a debtor nation, owing banks and countries in Europe large sums of money. After WWI, thanks to the US providing the Allies with so many loans to keep their war efforts afloat, the US was a creditor nation, with huge stockpiles of gold and a powerful economy.

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7.8 1920s: Cultural and Political Controversies

WWI also saw anti-immigrant sentiment, called Nativism, that continued and worsened in 1919 and the 1920s.

📝study guide

7.9 The Great Depression

The Great Depression was the worst economic disaster to hit the United States in its history. It featured high unemployment (peaking at nearly 25%! 😳) and desperation as people looked for the means to support themselves and their families. You should know some of its causes and how it changed the US.

📝study guide

7.10 The New Deal

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), the 32nd president of the United States, sought to fight the worst parts of the Great Depression through his legislative agenda, nicknamed the New Deal. This changed the role of the federal government in new ways (mostly by expanding it) and changed the alignment of political parties (this is one of two major time periods when the Democrats and Republicans began to morph into the parties we recognize today).

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7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy

In the famous words of Warren G. Harding, president from 1921 to 1923, the United States after WWI wanted a return to normalcy. This meant stepping back from so much engagement with Europe.

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7.12 World War II: Mobilization

The US entrance into WWII ended the Depression since the US quickly became, in the words of President FDR, the Arsenal of Democracy as it turned its production capacity toward making war matériel. This production supplied both the US military and its allies like the UK, China, and USSR. Facing a labor shortage because of the 15 million men and women in the armed services, unemployment virtually disappeared during the war.

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7.13 World War II: Military

US relations with Japan were becoming increasingly strained as a result of Japan’s invasion of China and ambitions to extend its conquests to Southeast Asia.

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7.14 Postwar Diplomacy

After WWII, the United States was on top of the world. It was the only major war power to not have suffered fighting on its land, plus it had lost a relatively smaller number of soldiers (418,000) compared to some of its allies (USSR: probably around 10,000,000 soldier deaths and an equal number of civilians).

📝study guide

7.15 Comparison in Period 7

This section is really a review section for you to take a step back and look at the big picture of Period 7.

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Free Reviews 2020

37 resources

Thematic Guides

7 resources

Document Based Questions (DBQ)

7 resources

Unit 1: 1491-1607

13 resources

Unit 2: 1607-1754

17 resources

Unit 3: 1754-1800

49 resources

Unit 4: 1800-1848

45 resources

Unit 5: 1844-1877

32 resources

Unit 6: 1865-1898

29 resources

Unit 7: 1890-1945

40 resources

Unit 8: 1945-1980

35 resources

Unit 9: 1980-Present

9 resources

Course Introductions

15 resources

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

3 resources

Short Answer Questions (SAQ)

1 resource

Long Essay Questions (LEQ)

3 resources

Blogs

32 resources

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