--- title: "Environmental Movement — APUSH Definition & Exam Guide" description: "The environmental movement (late 1960s-1970s) pushed legislation like the Clean Air Act and created the EPA. Tested under APUSH 8.13.A with Earth Day and the oil crises." canonical: "https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms/environmental-movement" type: "key-term" subject: "AP US History" unit: "Unit 8" --- # Environmental Movement — APUSH Definition & Exam Guide ## Definition The environmental movement was a social and political movement, gaining force after 1968, that responded to pollution problems and accidents by pushing for legislative action (Clean Air Act, EPA) and public advocacy (Earth Day) to protect natural resources, prompting new federal environmental programs and regulations. ## What It Is The environmental movement was the late-1960s and 1970s push to fight [pollution](/apush/unit-8/environment-natural-resources-1968-1980/study-guide/0t0VXJnMCn7QKI5gwV6X "fv-autolink") and protect [natural resources](/apush/key-terms/natural-resources "fv-autolink") through two channels at once. One channel was public pressure, with events like the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970, which drew an estimated 20 million Americans. The other was legislation, including the Clean Air Act (1970), the Clean Water Act (1972), and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 under Nixon. The CED frames it as cause and effect. Environmental problems and accidents, like the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill and the Cuyahoga River catching fire that same year, made pollution visible and scary. That visibility fueled a movement that aimed to use "legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources" (KC-8.2.II.D), and the [federal government](/apush/key-terms/federal-government "fv-autolink") responded with new programs and regulations. Layered on top of that, the oil crises of the 1970s tied environmental concerns to energy concerns and sparked attempts at a national energy policy (KC-8.1.I). ## Why It Matters This term sits in **Topic 8.13 (The Environment and Natural Resources)** in [Unit 8](/apush/unit-8 "fv-autolink"), and it directly answers learning objective **[APUSH](/apush "fv-autolink") 8.13.A**, which asks you to explain how and why environmental policies developed and changed from 1968 to 1980. Notice the date range. The exam wants causation, not just a list of laws. You should be able to say *why* policy changed (accidents, public activism, oil shocks) and *how* it changed (EPA, regulations, attempted energy policy). It also feeds the Geography and the Environment theme, which makes it a natural anchor for continuity-and-change essays that stretch back to Progressive Era conservation. For the full topic breakdown, link up to the 8.13 study guide. ## Connections ### Earth Day and the EPA (Unit 8) These are the movement's two channels made concrete. [Earth Day](/apush/key-terms/earth-day "fv-autolink") 1970 is the public-advocacy side, and the EPA (also 1970) is the federal-regulation side. If a question asks how the movement worked, these two are your go-to evidence. ### Progressive Era conservation and national parks (Units 6-7) The 1970s movement was not America's first environmental impulse. Yellowstone (1872) and [Theodore Roosevelt](/apush/key-terms/theodore-roosevelt "fv-autolink")'s conservation push protected land for managed use. The 1970s shifted the focus from conserving resources to regulating pollution, which makes this a perfect continuity-and-change pairing across periods. ### Oil crises and national energy policy (Unit 8) KC-8.1.I links Middle East oil shocks to attempts at a national energy policy in the 1970s. Energy and environment collided in this decade, so policy debates were about gas lines and [conservation](/apush/key-terms/conservation "fv-autolink") at the same time as clean air and water. ### [Dust Bowl (Unit 7)](/apush/key-terms/dust-bowl) The Dust Bowl is an earlier example of environmental disaster forcing a federal response, with New Deal soil conservation programs. It gives you a 1930s data point for the same pattern that repeats in the 1970s, where crisis drives regulation. ## On the AP Exam Multiple-choice and short-answer questions usually pair this term with a 1970s source, often an Earth Day photo, poster, or article, and ask what it shows about public engagement or individual responsibility for conservation. Fiveable practice questions on this topic ask things like what evidence counters the claim that Earth Day 1970 had low public engagement (the 20 million participants answer that) and what immediate impact Earth Week had on environmental action. For free response, the movement works as evidence for change over time in federal regulation, for liberal reform in the 1960s-70s, or in a long-arc essay tracing environmental policy from the Gilded Age through 1980. No released FRQ has used the term verbatim, but it supports exactly the kind of continuity-and-change argument LEQs and DBQs reward. Whatever the format, the move is the same. Connect a cause (accidents, activism, oil crises) to a policy outcome (EPA, Clean Air Act, energy policy attempts). ## environmental movement vs Progressive Era conservation movement Both involve protecting nature, but they are different periods with different goals. Progressive Era conservation (early 1900s, Theodore Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot) was about managing natural resources like forests and water so they would not run out. The 1970s environmental movement was about pollution, public health, and ecology, and it produced regulatory agencies like the EPA. If the question is about national parks and resource management, think Unit 7. If it is about smog, oil spills, and Earth Day, think Unit 8. ## Key Takeaways - The environmental movement gained momentum after 1968 when visible disasters, like the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill and the Cuyahoga River fire, made pollution a national issue. - It worked through two channels at once, public advocacy like Earth Day 1970 and legislation like the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the creation of the EPA. - The federal government responded with new environmental programs and regulations, which is the core of KC-8.2.II.D and learning objective APUSH 8.13.A. - The 1970s oil crises tied environmental concerns to energy concerns and sparked attempts at a national energy policy. - For essays, the movement is a strong change-over-time anchor because you can contrast it with Progressive Era conservation, which managed resources rather than regulating pollution. - Earth Day's roughly 20 million participants in 1970 is the stat to cite when a question asks about the scale of public engagement. ## FAQs ### What was the environmental movement in APUSH? It was the late-1960s and 1970s movement to combat pollution and protect natural resources through public advocacy and legislation. It produced Earth Day (1970), the EPA (1970), the Clean Air Act (1970), and the Clean Water Act (1972), and it is tested in Topic 8.13 under APUSH 8.13.A. ### Did Nixon, a Republican, really create the EPA? Yes. Nixon established the EPA in 1970 and signed major environmental legislation, which surprises a lot of people. It shows that by 1970 environmental protection had broad bipartisan public support, which is exactly the point exam questions about Earth Day engagement are testing. ### How is the environmental movement different from the conservation movement? Conservation was a Progressive Era effort (early 1900s, Roosevelt and Pinchot) to manage resources like forests and water for sustainable use. The 1970s environmental movement targeted pollution and public health and built a regulatory state around them, with the EPA enforcing new federal rules. ### Why did the environmental movement start in the late 1960s? High-profile accidents made the problem impossible to ignore, including the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill and the Cuyahoga River fire. Combined with rising activism after the civil rights and antiwar movements, these events pushed Congress and Nixon toward federal action between 1968 and 1980. ### Is the environmental movement on the AP US History exam? Yes. It is essential knowledge KC-8.2.II.D in Topic 8.13, tested under learning objective APUSH 8.13.A, which asks you to explain how and why environmental policy developed and changed from 1968 to 1980. It shows up in source-based multiple choice (often Earth Day materials) and as essay evidence. ## Related Study Guides - [8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources ](/apush/unit-8/environment-natural-resources-1968-1980/study-guide/0t0VXJnMCn7QKI5gwV6X) ## Structured Data ```json {"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"LearningResource","@id":"https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms/environmental-movement#resource","name":"Environmental Movement — APUSH Definition & Exam Guide","url":"https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms/environmental-movement","learningResourceType":"Concept explainer","educationalLevel":"AP® / High School","about":{"@id":"https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms/environmental-movement#term"},"audience":{"@type":"EducationalAudience","educationalRole":"student"},"dateModified":"2026-06-11T05:27:31.721Z","isPartOf":{"@type":"Collection","name":"AP US History Key Terms","url":"https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fiveable","url":"https://fiveable.me"}},{"@type":"DefinedTerm","@id":"https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms/environmental-movement#term","name":"environmental movement","description":"The environmental movement was a social and political movement, gaining force after 1968, that responded to pollution problems and accidents by pushing for legislative action (Clean Air Act, EPA) and public advocacy (Earth Day) to protect natural resources, prompting new federal environmental programs and regulations.","url":"https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms/environmental-movement","inDefinedTermSet":{"@type":"DefinedTermSet","name":"AP US History Key Terms","url":"https://fiveable.me/apush/key-terms"}},{"@type":"FAQPage","mainEntity":[{"@type":"Question","name":"What was the environmental movement in APUSH?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"It was the late-1960s and 1970s movement to combat pollution and protect natural resources through public advocacy and legislation. 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