8.6 Feeding and Eating, Substance and Addictive, and Personality Disorders
4 min read•december 23, 2022
Dalia Savy
Haseung Jun
Emily Pedrazzi
Dalia Savy
Haseung Jun
Emily Pedrazzi
Substance Abuse Disorders and Addiction
Any substance where a chemical dependency is formed can develop into a substance abuse disorder. The brain has difficulty naturally creating and receiving due to disruptions caused by substance . The body becomes dependent on substances because of a chemical imbalance in the brain.
Eating Disorders
The scope of is extremely broad, but all are characterized by disordered eating patterns. These patterns can be caused by , an inability to regulate hunger, comorbid conditions, or difficulty with sensory input.
For the AP Psychology exam, the most common to know are , , and binge eating conditions. Many other exist but are not tested on the exam.
Image Courtesy of Verywell Mind.
Anorexia Nervosa
is a somatic condition characterized by , starvation or restriction of food, unhealthy obsessions and compulsions regarding weight, and . Those with anorexia usually maintain a even though they are underweight. They unfortunately continue to feel overweight.
Image Courtesy of Verywell Mind.
Bulimia Nervosa
Another common disorder is , which is similar to regarding , but with different disordered eating patterns. Bulimics have cycles of binge eating and in order to lose weight. Weight loss patterns for bulimics tend to widely fluctuate due to the inconsistent nature of food consumption.
After having any meal and binge eating, bulimics force themselves to purge. Because of the fluctuating weight, bulimia is very hard to detect visibly. Because they throw up repeatedly, those with tend to have yellowed teeth as well from the stomach acid constantly coming in contact with teeth.
Image Courtesy of Verywell mind.
Binge Eating Disorder
On the opposite end of the spectrum is binge eating, a condition where is low or nonexistent due to issues in the hypothalamus. Those with this disorder binge-eat and then feel guilty or disgusted shortly after. Instead of eating and stop eating when full, those with binge eat non-stop for a "binge episode" without regard to being full or not.
Possible Causes
are usually caused by things people have said. For example, if a mother constantly comments about her daughter's weight, her daughter is very prone to an eating disorder. Families of anorexic victims are usually competitive and protective. Any environment of judgement and not accepting oneself leads to a risk of developing an eating disorder.
Eating disorder are also genetic 🧬 If someone in your family has had an eating disorder, it doesn't mean you will develop it. It just slightly increases risk.
Because of the ideal body image that is shown on social media and through modeling, many have body dissatisfaction. Every culture has their own "ideal body image," but all across the board, women and men diet because they don't feel they match with the ideal body image.
Personality Disorders
are complex patterns of thoughts and behavior that are detrimental to personal growth, relationships, and many other areas of life. These disorders are difficult to treat due to their inflexible nature from deeply ingrained trauma. Each personality disorder differs vastly, but patterns described before are consistent throughout.
Disorder | Cluster | Key Traits |
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) | A | Irrational fear, inability to trust others, often thinks in worst case scenario situations |
| A | Detachment from emotions and relationships, little to no interest in any social interaction | |
| A | Eccentric and/or erratic thought, behavioral, and speech patterns, delusions may be present | |
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) | B | Lack of empathy, patterns of manipulation for selfish benefits, little to no remorse; exhibiting a lack of conscience for doing something wrong |
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) | B | Extreme emotional swings and perceptions of the world, black and white thinking, impulsive behavior |
Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) | B | Dramatic and impulsive behaviors, obsessive need to be the center of attention, people-pleasing |
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) | B | Grandiose delusions, manipulation, perfectionism, defensive and upset if criticized |
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD) | C | Low self-esteem, avoidance of social interactions, afraid of rejection and criticism |
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) | C | Abandonment issues, anxiety when alone, afraid of rejection and criticism |
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) | C | Obsessions and compulsions regarding perfectionism, unable to notice any problems present |
Clusters of Personality Disorders
The three categories for include cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C.
Cluster A: Eccentric behaviors—emotionless disengagement
Cluster B: Dramatic and impulsive behaviors—attention-getting
Cluster C: Anxiety—fearing rejection
Image Courtesy of Medium.
Key Terms to Review (27)
Addiction
: Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain.Anorexia Nervosa
: An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to self-starvation and excessive weight loss.Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
: A chronic mental condition where a person consistently shows disregard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD)
: AVPD is characterized by extreme shyness, feelings of inadequacy, and sensitivity to rejection which leads to social isolation.Binge Eating Disorder
: A severe eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food quickly and uncontrollably, without the regular use of compensatory measures to counter the binge eating.Body Image Issues
: Body image issues refer to a person's negative thoughts and feelings about their own body and physical appearance. This can lead to low self-esteem, unhealthy eating habits, and mental health disorders like depression or anxiety.Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
: A mental health disorder characterized by unstable moods, behavior, self-image which impacts relationships, self-image, behavior and functioning.Bulimia Nervosa
: An eating disorder marked by cycles of overeating followed by unhealthy behaviors such as vomiting or using laxatives to rid the body of food.Cluster A, B, C of personality disorders
: These are three clusters in the DSM-5 that categorize ten personality disorders based on similar characteristics. Cluster A includes odd or eccentric disorders; Cluster B includes dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders; and Cluster C includes anxious or fearful disorders.Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
: DPD is a mental health condition characterized by an excessive and pervasive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation.Eating Disorders
: Eating disorders are mental disorders defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health.Endorphins
: Endorphins are neurotransmitters produced by your brain and nervous system during times of stress or pain. They interact with opiate receptors in your brain reducing your perception of pain and triggering positive feelings.Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)
: HPD is a mental health condition characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval.Hunger Regulation
: Hunger regulation refers to the physiological processes that control when we feel hungry and when we feel full. It involves a complex interplay of hormones, neural signals, and psychological factors.Hypothalamus
: The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain that serves as the main control center for autonomic functions. It plays a crucial role in many important functions, including releasing hormones and regulating body temperature.Malnutrition
: Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that it causes health problems.Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
: NPD is a mental disorder characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, deep need for admiration, lack of empathy for others, and troubled relationships.Neurotransmitters
: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another 'target' neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
: OCPD is a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism at the expense of flexibility or efficiency.Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
: PPD is a type of personality disorder characterized by extreme distrust and suspicion of others. People with this disorder often interpret other people's actions as threatening or demeaning even when there's no evidence to support their suspicions.Personality Disorders
: These are types of mental disorders in which your ways of thinking, behaving and perceiving things are different from what society considers normal. This can lead to significant problems and limitations in relationships, social activities, work and school.Purging
: Purging refers to engaging in behaviors such as vomiting or misuse of laxatives to rid the body of food in an unhealthy way.Schizoid Personality Disorder
: Schizoid Personality Disorder is a type of personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.Schizotypal Personality Disorder
: This is a mental health disorder marked by severe social anxiety, thought disorder, paranoid ideation, derealization, transient psychosis, and often unconventional beliefs.Starvation Diet
: A starvation diet involves reducing food intake drastically — often to less than 1,200 calories per day — in an attempt to lose weight quickly.Substance Abuse Disorders
: Substance abuse disorders are mental health conditions that involve an excessive use of a substance or substances, leading to significant impairment or distress.Withdrawal
: Withdrawal refers to the physical and mental symptoms that occur after stopping or reducing intake of a substance such as drugs or alcohol, which the body has become dependent on.8.6 Feeding and Eating, Substance and Addictive, and Personality Disorders
4 min read•december 23, 2022
Dalia Savy
Haseung Jun
Emily Pedrazzi
Dalia Savy
Haseung Jun
Emily Pedrazzi
Substance Abuse Disorders and Addiction
Any substance where a chemical dependency is formed can develop into a substance abuse disorder. The brain has difficulty naturally creating and receiving due to disruptions caused by substance . The body becomes dependent on substances because of a chemical imbalance in the brain.
Eating Disorders
The scope of is extremely broad, but all are characterized by disordered eating patterns. These patterns can be caused by , an inability to regulate hunger, comorbid conditions, or difficulty with sensory input.
For the AP Psychology exam, the most common to know are , , and binge eating conditions. Many other exist but are not tested on the exam.
Image Courtesy of Verywell Mind.
Anorexia Nervosa
is a somatic condition characterized by , starvation or restriction of food, unhealthy obsessions and compulsions regarding weight, and . Those with anorexia usually maintain a even though they are underweight. They unfortunately continue to feel overweight.
Image Courtesy of Verywell Mind.
Bulimia Nervosa
Another common disorder is , which is similar to regarding , but with different disordered eating patterns. Bulimics have cycles of binge eating and in order to lose weight. Weight loss patterns for bulimics tend to widely fluctuate due to the inconsistent nature of food consumption.
After having any meal and binge eating, bulimics force themselves to purge. Because of the fluctuating weight, bulimia is very hard to detect visibly. Because they throw up repeatedly, those with tend to have yellowed teeth as well from the stomach acid constantly coming in contact with teeth.
Image Courtesy of Verywell mind.
Binge Eating Disorder
On the opposite end of the spectrum is binge eating, a condition where is low or nonexistent due to issues in the hypothalamus. Those with this disorder binge-eat and then feel guilty or disgusted shortly after. Instead of eating and stop eating when full, those with binge eat non-stop for a "binge episode" without regard to being full or not.
Possible Causes
are usually caused by things people have said. For example, if a mother constantly comments about her daughter's weight, her daughter is very prone to an eating disorder. Families of anorexic victims are usually competitive and protective. Any environment of judgement and not accepting oneself leads to a risk of developing an eating disorder.
Eating disorder are also genetic 🧬 If someone in your family has had an eating disorder, it doesn't mean you will develop it. It just slightly increases risk.
Because of the ideal body image that is shown on social media and through modeling, many have body dissatisfaction. Every culture has their own "ideal body image," but all across the board, women and men diet because they don't feel they match with the ideal body image.
Personality Disorders
are complex patterns of thoughts and behavior that are detrimental to personal growth, relationships, and many other areas of life. These disorders are difficult to treat due to their inflexible nature from deeply ingrained trauma. Each personality disorder differs vastly, but patterns described before are consistent throughout.
Disorder | Cluster | Key Traits |
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) | A | Irrational fear, inability to trust others, often thinks in worst case scenario situations |
| A | Detachment from emotions and relationships, little to no interest in any social interaction | |
| A | Eccentric and/or erratic thought, behavioral, and speech patterns, delusions may be present | |
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) | B | Lack of empathy, patterns of manipulation for selfish benefits, little to no remorse; exhibiting a lack of conscience for doing something wrong |
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) | B | Extreme emotional swings and perceptions of the world, black and white thinking, impulsive behavior |
Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) | B | Dramatic and impulsive behaviors, obsessive need to be the center of attention, people-pleasing |
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) | B | Grandiose delusions, manipulation, perfectionism, defensive and upset if criticized |
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD) | C | Low self-esteem, avoidance of social interactions, afraid of rejection and criticism |
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) | C | Abandonment issues, anxiety when alone, afraid of rejection and criticism |
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) | C | Obsessions and compulsions regarding perfectionism, unable to notice any problems present |
Clusters of Personality Disorders
The three categories for include cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C.
Cluster A: Eccentric behaviors—emotionless disengagement
Cluster B: Dramatic and impulsive behaviors—attention-getting
Cluster C: Anxiety—fearing rejection
Image Courtesy of Medium.
Key Terms to Review (27)
Addiction
: Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain.Anorexia Nervosa
: An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to self-starvation and excessive weight loss.Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
: A chronic mental condition where a person consistently shows disregard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD)
: AVPD is characterized by extreme shyness, feelings of inadequacy, and sensitivity to rejection which leads to social isolation.Binge Eating Disorder
: A severe eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food quickly and uncontrollably, without the regular use of compensatory measures to counter the binge eating.Body Image Issues
: Body image issues refer to a person's negative thoughts and feelings about their own body and physical appearance. This can lead to low self-esteem, unhealthy eating habits, and mental health disorders like depression or anxiety.Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
: A mental health disorder characterized by unstable moods, behavior, self-image which impacts relationships, self-image, behavior and functioning.Bulimia Nervosa
: An eating disorder marked by cycles of overeating followed by unhealthy behaviors such as vomiting or using laxatives to rid the body of food.Cluster A, B, C of personality disorders
: These are three clusters in the DSM-5 that categorize ten personality disorders based on similar characteristics. Cluster A includes odd or eccentric disorders; Cluster B includes dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders; and Cluster C includes anxious or fearful disorders.Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
: DPD is a mental health condition characterized by an excessive and pervasive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation.Eating Disorders
: Eating disorders are mental disorders defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health.Endorphins
: Endorphins are neurotransmitters produced by your brain and nervous system during times of stress or pain. They interact with opiate receptors in your brain reducing your perception of pain and triggering positive feelings.Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)
: HPD is a mental health condition characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval.Hunger Regulation
: Hunger regulation refers to the physiological processes that control when we feel hungry and when we feel full. It involves a complex interplay of hormones, neural signals, and psychological factors.Hypothalamus
: The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain that serves as the main control center for autonomic functions. It plays a crucial role in many important functions, including releasing hormones and regulating body temperature.Malnutrition
: Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that it causes health problems.Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
: NPD is a mental disorder characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, deep need for admiration, lack of empathy for others, and troubled relationships.Neurotransmitters
: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another 'target' neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
: OCPD is a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism at the expense of flexibility or efficiency.Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
: PPD is a type of personality disorder characterized by extreme distrust and suspicion of others. People with this disorder often interpret other people's actions as threatening or demeaning even when there's no evidence to support their suspicions.Personality Disorders
: These are types of mental disorders in which your ways of thinking, behaving and perceiving things are different from what society considers normal. This can lead to significant problems and limitations in relationships, social activities, work and school.Purging
: Purging refers to engaging in behaviors such as vomiting or misuse of laxatives to rid the body of food in an unhealthy way.Schizoid Personality Disorder
: Schizoid Personality Disorder is a type of personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.Schizotypal Personality Disorder
: This is a mental health disorder marked by severe social anxiety, thought disorder, paranoid ideation, derealization, transient psychosis, and often unconventional beliefs.Starvation Diet
: A starvation diet involves reducing food intake drastically — often to less than 1,200 calories per day — in an attempt to lose weight quickly.Substance Abuse Disorders
: Substance abuse disorders are mental health conditions that involve an excessive use of a substance or substances, leading to significant impairment or distress.Withdrawal
: Withdrawal refers to the physical and mental symptoms that occur after stopping or reducing intake of a substance such as drugs or alcohol, which the body has become dependent on.
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