Review AP Music Theory Unit 2 to build your understanding of minor scales and key signatures, intervals, melody, timbre, texture, and rhythmic devices. These fundamentals connect directly to chord construction in Unit 3 and harmonic analysis throughout the rest of the course.
Use this page to review every topic from 2.1 through 2.13, check key terms, and identify the skills tested on the AP Music Theory exam.
Unit 2 covers the second major block of music fundamentals in AP Music Theory. It begins with the three forms of the minor scale, moves through key relationships and additional scale types, then develops interval skills before addressing melody, timbre, texture, and rhythm.
Natural minor follows W-H-W-W-H-W-W. Harmonic minor raises scale degree 7, creating a leading tone and an augmented second between degrees 6 and 7. Melodic minor raises degrees 6 and 7 ascending and returns to natural minor descending. Relative keys share a key signature; parallel keys share a tonic but differ in key signature.
Every interval has a size (second, third, fifth, etc.) and a quality (major, minor, perfect, augmented, or diminished). Inversion moves the lower note up an octave; size numbers sum to 9 and quality flips predictably (M becomes m, P stays P, A becomes d). Compound intervals exceed an octave, such as a ninth or tenth.
Melodic features include contour, conjunct and disjunct motion, range, register, and motive. Timbre identifies instrument families and performance media by ear. Texture types range from monophony to polyphony, with specific devices like Alberti bass, canon, and ostinato. Rhythmic devices include syncopation, hemiola, polyrhythm, and asymmetrical meter.
Interval identification is the skill that makes everything else in AP Music Theory possible. You cannot spell a triad without knowing a major third from a minor third, and you cannot analyze a chord progression without recognizing interval quality by ear and in notation. Every topic in Unit 2 either builds that interval foundation or develops the listening and score-reading skills you will use on every section of the exam.
Learn the three minor scale forms, their step patterns, and how raised scale degrees appear as accidentals in notation and as distinctive sounds in performed music.
Find the relative minor by going to scale degree 6 of the major key. Both keys share the same key signature but have different tonics.
Parallel keys share a tonic; closely related keys differ by no more than one accidental; distantly related keys differ by more than one accidental.
Identify chromatic (12 half steps), whole-tone (6 whole steps), and pentatonic (5 pitches, no half steps) scales by ear and in notation.
Name every interval by size (count letter names) and quality (count half steps). Distinguish harmonic from melodic intervals and consonant from dissonant intervals.
Invert an interval by moving the lower note up an octave; sizes sum to 9 and quality flips predictably. Compound intervals exceed an octave.
Convert written pitch to sounding pitch using the interval and direction given in the question. The exam always provides the transposition level and direction.
Identify instrument families, specific instruments, voice types, and ensemble types by their distinctive sound quality and register in performed music.
Describe melody using contour, conjunct and disjunct motion, range, register, and motive. Recognize how motives are developed through transposition, inversion, and augmentation.
Move a melody to a new pitch level while preserving every interval and rhythmic value. The tune sounds identical but higher or lower.
Classify texture as monophony, homophony (chordal or melody with accompaniment), polyphony (imitative or nonimitative), or heterophony based on the number and independence of melodic lines.
Identify specific techniques like Alberti bass, walking bass, canon, imitation, countermelody, ostinato, doubling, solo/soli, and tutti in performed and notated music.
Recognize syncopation, hemiola, polyrhythm, borrowed divisions, asymmetrical meter, and changing meter in both performed and notated music.
This snapshot uses Fiveable practice activity to show where students tend to miss questions and which review moves are worth prioritizing first.
Across 417 multiple-choice practice attempts for this unit.
Practice activity included in this snapshot.
Review Relative Keys: Determining Relative Minor Key and Notating Key Signatures with attention to how the concept appears in AP-style source and evidence questions.
Review Texture and Texture Types with attention to how the concept appears in AP-style source and evidence questions.
Review Melodic Features with attention to how the concept appears in AP-style source and evidence questions.
Review Minor Scales: Natural, Harmonic, and Melodic with attention to how the concept appears in AP-style source and evidence questions.
All three minor scale forms share the same key signature, which matches natural minor. Raised scale degrees appear as accidentals in the score, not in the key signature. The augmented second between scale degrees 6 and 7 in harmonic minor is a distinctive sound to recognize by ear.
| Scale form | Scale degree 6 | Scale degree 7 | Distinctive feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural minor | Lowered | Lowered (subtonic) | No leading tone |
| Harmonic minor | Lowered | Raised (leading tone) | Augmented second between 6 and 7 |
| Melodic minor (asc.) | Raised | Raised (leading tone) | Smooth stepwise ascent |
| Melodic minor (desc.) | Lowered | Lowered | Same as natural minor |
Relative keys share a key signature but have different tonics. Parallel keys share a tonic but have different key signatures. Closely related keys differ from the original by no more than one accidental; distantly related keys differ by more than one. On the aural section, you identify the type of key relationship, not the letter name of the key.
| Relationship | Shared element | Different element | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relative | Key signature | Tonic pitch | C major / A minor |
| Parallel | Tonic pitch | Key signature and mode | D major / D minor |
| Closely related | Differ by 0-1 accidental | Tonic and/or mode | G major neighbors of C major |
| Distantly related | Neither tonic nor signature | Differ by 2+ accidentals | C major and F# major |
These three scale types appear in both performed and notated music. Each has a distinctive interval pattern and sound that makes aural identification possible. Major pentatonic uses scale degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 of the major scale; minor pentatonic uses degrees 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the natural minor scale.
| Scale | Pitch count | Interval pattern | Characteristic sound |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chromatic | 12 | All half steps | Dense, no tonal center |
| Whole-tone | 6 | All whole steps | Floating, ambiguous, no leading tone |
| Major pentatonic | 5 | W-W-m3-W-m3 | Bright, open, no half steps |
| Minor pentatonic | 5 | m3-W-H-W-m3 | Dark, bluesy, no half steps |
Naming an interval requires two pieces of information: size (count letter names inclusively) and quality (count exact half steps). Inversion flips the interval by moving the lower note up an octave; size numbers sum to 9 and quality changes predictably. Compound intervals are simple intervals plus an octave.
| Original quality | Inverted quality |
|---|---|
| Perfect | Perfect |
| Major | Minor |
| Minor | Major |
| Augmented | Diminished |
| Diminished | Augmented |
A transposing instrument sounds at a different pitch than what is written in the score. The AP exam always specifies the interval and direction of transposition in the question, so you do not need to memorize each instrument's transposition. Your task is to apply the given interval to convert written pitch to sounding pitch or vice versa.
| Conversion direction | Procedure |
|---|---|
| Written to sounding | Move the written note by the given interval in the stated direction |
| Sounding to written | Move the sounding note by the given interval in the opposite direction |
Timbre is the unique sound quality of a voice or instrument, shaped by how the sound is produced and which part of the instrument's range is used. On the AP exam, timbre identification is an aural skill: you listen and identify the instrument family, specific instrument or voice type, and ensemble type.
| Family | Sound production | Common examples |
|---|---|---|
| Strings | Vibrating strings (bowed or plucked) | Violin, viola, cello, double bass |
| Woodwinds | Vibrating reed or air column | Flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone |
| Brass | Vibrating lips in a mouthpiece | Trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba |
| Percussion | Striking or shaking | Snare drum, marimba, cymbals, timpani |
| Keyboards | Various mechanisms | Piano, organ, harpsichord |
A melody is pitch and rhythm combined into a musical statement. Melodic features describe how a melody moves and is organized. Melodic transposition moves a melody to a new pitch level while keeping every interval and rhythmic value identical.
Texture describes how musical lines combine simultaneously. Texture type is determined by the number of lines and their melodic independence. Texture devices are specific techniques layered on top of a texture type to shape the sound further.
| Texture type | Number of lines | Melodic independence | Example device |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monophony | 1 | N/A | None |
| Chordal homophony | Multiple | None (move together) | Homorhythmic |
| Melody with accompaniment | Multiple | Low (one melody dominant) | Alberti bass, ostinato |
| Imitative polyphony | Multiple | High (lines imitate each other) | Canon, fugue |
| Nonimitative polyphony | Multiple | High (independent lines) | Countermelody |
Rhythmic devices create interest by challenging or disrupting an established meter. The three most important for AP Music Theory are syncopation, hemiola, and polyrhythm. Borrowed divisions, asymmetrical meters, and changing meter extend these concepts further.
| Device | What it does | Common context |
|---|---|---|
| Syncopation | Accents weak beat or division | Jazz, popular music, Baroque dance |
| Hemiola | 3:2 ratio across the barline or within a measure | Baroque cadences, Renaissance polyphony |
| Polyrhythm | Two independent metric patterns simultaneously | African music, 20th-century concert music |
| Borrowed division | Triplet in simple meter or duplet in compound meter | Romantic and 20th-century music |
| Asymmetrical meter | Beats of unequal length (5/8, 7/8) | 20th-century and folk music |
Try AP-style multiple-choice questions and written prompts after you review the notes.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural Minor | A seven-note scale following W-H-W-W-H-W-W; scale degrees 6 and 7 are both lowered relative to the parallel major. |
| Harmonic Minor | A minor scale with a raised 7th degree, creating a leading tone and an augmented second between scale degrees 6 and 7. |
| Melodic Minor | A minor scale that raises both degrees 6 and 7 ascending and returns to natural minor descending. |
| Parallel Keys | A major and minor key that share the same tonic but have different key signatures; for example, D major and D minor. |
| Closely Related Keys | Keys whose key signatures differ from the original by no more than one accidental; the most common modulation destinations. |
| Chromatic Scale | A scale of twelve pitches, each a half step apart, covering all semitones within an octave. |
| Harmonic Intervals | The distance between two pitches sounded simultaneously, described by size and quality. |
| Melodic Contour | The overall shape of a melody created by the specific rise and fall of pitches. |
| tessitura | The most comfortable and frequently used register of a given voice or instrument. |
| Polyphony | A texture with two or more independent melodic lines sounding simultaneously; can be imitative or nonimitative. |
| Ostinato | A persistently repeated melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern in the same voice throughout a passage. |
| Asymmetrical meter | A meter with beats of unequal size, such as 5/8 or 7/8, creating irregular accent patterns. |
| enharmonic equivalent | Two pitches spelled differently but sounding the same, such as an augmented fourth (D to G#) and a diminished fifth (D to Ab). |
Relative minor shares a key signature with its major (different tonic); parallel minor shares a tonic with its major (different key signature). D major and B minor are relative; D major and D minor are parallel. Mixing these up causes errors in both notation and aural identification.
Students often raise degrees 6 and 7 in both directions. The raised 6th and 7th apply only ascending; the descending form returns to natural minor. In notation, this means the accidentals appear only on the way up.
Interval size requires inclusive counting: C to G is a fifth because you count C-D-E-F-G (five letter names). Skipping the starting note and counting only the steps above it gives the wrong size.
Only major and minor swap with each other, and only augmented and diminished swap with each other. Perfect intervals stay perfect. A common error is inverting a perfect fifth to a perfect fourth but then changing the quality to major or minor.
Texture type (monophony, homophony, polyphony, heterophony) and texture device (Alberti bass, canon, ostinato) are different categories. A passage can be homophonic with an Alberti bass device. Read the question carefully to determine which category is being asked about.
The listening section of the AP Music Theory exam asks you to identify scale types (including minor forms and pentatonic), key relationships (relative, parallel, closely related), texture types (monophony through polyphony), and texture devices by ear. Practice with recordings and focus on the distinctive sound of each category rather than relying on notation.
The written section includes tasks that require you to identify or notate intervals by size and quality, apply inversion rules, write minor scales with correct accidentals, and notate key signatures for relative and parallel keys. Accuracy in counting letter names and half steps is essential, as enharmonic spellings are not accepted as correct answers.
Score-based questions may present a passage and ask you to identify the scale or mode in use, label intervals, describe melodic features such as contour and motive, identify texture type and devices, and convert written pitches for a transposing instrument. These tasks often appear together, so practicing them as an integrated set rather than in isolation prepares you for the full range of score-reading demands.
Open the individual guides for Unit 2 when you want a closer review of one topic.
browse guidesPractice free-response reasoning and compare your answer with scoring guidance.
practice FRQsWatch past review streams filtered to Unit 2 when you want a video walkthrough.
open videosUse unit cheatsheets for a quick visual review after you work through the notes.
open cheatsheetsEstimate your broader AP score goal after you review the course and exam format.
open calculatorAP Music Theory Unit 2 covers 13 topics built around minor scales, key signatures, melody, timbre, and texture. You'll work through natural, harmonic, and melodic minor scales, relative and parallel keys, interval size and quality, interval inversion, transposing instruments, melodic features, melodic transposition, texture types, texture devices, and rhythmic devices. Here's the full topic list: - 2.1 Minor Scales: Natural, Harmonic, and Melodic - 2.2 Relative Keys and Key Signatures - 2.3 Key Relationships: Parallel, Closely Related, and Distantly Related - 2.4 Other Scales: Chromatic, Whole-Tone, and Pentatonic - 2.5 Interval Size and Quality - 2.6 Interval Inversion and Compound Intervals - 2.7 Transposing Instruments - 2.8 Timbre - 2.9 Melodic Features - 2.10 Melodic Transposition - 2.11 Texture and Texture Types - 2.12 Texture Devices - 2.13 Rhythmic Devices See AP Music Theory Unit 2 for matched study materials.
The AP Music Theory Unit 2 progress check tests texture, minor scales, key signatures, and intervals across both its MCQ and FRQ parts. The MCQ section asks you to identify scale types, determine relative and parallel keys, classify interval size and quality, and recognize texture types. The FRQ section typically asks you to notate key signatures, write or identify intervals, and analyze melodic or textural features in a short excerpt. The progress check draws from all 13 topics in Unit 2, so pay close attention to interval inversion (2.6), melodic transposition (2.10), and texture devices (2.12), since those show up as both multiple-choice questions and short written tasks. Practice with aligned questions at AP Music Theory Unit 2.
AP Music Theory Unit 2 FRQs most often come from key signatures, minor scales, intervals, and melodic transposition, so those are the skills to drill first. Typical question types include notating a key signature on the staff, writing a natural or harmonic minor scale, identifying or writing a specific interval, and transposing a short melody to a new key or clef. To practice effectively, write out all three forms of minor scales (natural, harmonic, melodic) from memory, then practice notating key signatures up to four sharps and flats. For melodic transposition (topic 2.10), take a short melody and move it to a different pitch level, checking that every interval relationship stays intact. Texture and timbre questions (topics 2.11-2.12) show up less often as standalone FRQs but appear in analysis prompts, so practice labeling monophony, homophony, and polyphony in short excerpts. Find practice prompts at AP Music Theory Unit 2.
The best place to find AP Music Theory Unit 2 practice questions, including multiple-choice and practice test sets, is AP Music Theory Unit 2. That page has MCQ-style questions covering minor scales, key signatures, interval size and quality, texture types, and melodic transposition, which are the core skills tested in this unit. For a full practice test experience, work through questions on each of the 13 topics in order. Focus your MCQ practice on interval identification (topics 2.5-2.6) and key relationships (topics 2.2-2.3), since those appear most frequently. For written practice, College Board's AP Classroom also has a Unit 2 progress check with both MCQ and FRQ sections.
Studying AP Music Theory Unit 2 well means building skills in a specific order: start with minor scales and key signatures before moving to intervals, melody, and texture. These concepts stack on each other, so rushing ahead without locking in the earlier material makes the later topics harder. Here's a concrete plan: 1. **Minor scales first.** Write out natural, harmonic, and melodic minor scales from every starting note until it's automatic. Notice how the raised 7th (harmonic) and raised 6th and 7th (melodic) change the pattern. 2. **Key signatures next.** Use the circle of fifths to connect major keys to their relative minors. Knowing that A minor shares a key signature with C major (topic 2.2) cuts your memorization in half. 3. **Intervals daily.** Drill interval size and quality (topic 2.5) and interval inversion (topic 2.6) with short daily quizzes. Intervals are the building block for everything in Units 3 and beyond. 4. **Melodic transposition.** Practice moving short melodies to new keys or clefs (topic 2.10). Check that every interval between notes stays the same after transposing. 5. **Texture and timbre last.** Learn to label monophony, homophony, polyphony, and heterophony (topic 2.11) by listening to short excerpts, then identify texture devices like imitation and ostinato (topic 2.12). Track your progress and find practice sets at AP Music Theory Unit 2.