---
title: "AP English Literature Developing Course Skills | Fiveable"
description: "Learn the required developing course skills for AP English Literature with CED-aligned skill guides and examples across the course."
canonical: "https://fiveable.me/ap-lit/developing-course-skills"
type: "unit"
subject: "AP English Literature"
unit: "Developing Course Skills"
---

# AP English Literature Developing Course Skills | Fiveable

## Overview

The seven AP Lit skill categories are: Explain the Function of Character, Setting, Plot and Structure, Narrator or Speaker, Word Choice and Imagery and Symbols, Comparison, and Develop Textually Substantiated Arguments. Each skill asks you to move beyond identification and explain how a literary element contributes to meaning. Skill 7, argument writing, is the engine behind all three FRQ essays.

## AP CED Alignment

This unit hub is organized around AP Course and Exam Description topics, skills, and exam task types when they are available in the source data.
- Skill 1: Explain the Function of Character
- Skill 2: Explain the Function of Setting
- Skill 3: Explain the Function of Plot and Structure
- Skill 4: Explain the Function of the Narrator or Speaker
- Skill 5: Explain the Function of Word Choice, Imagery, and Symbols
- Skill 6: Explain the Function of Comparison
- Skill 7: Develop Textually Substantiated Arguments
- Skill 7: Develop Textually Substantiated Arguments About Interpretations

## Topics

- [Skill 1: Explain the Function of Character](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-character/study-guide/e520yndZ2vss5tx3lJMV): Analyze how characters are portrayed, how they change or contrast, and how their motives and relationships contribute to the meaning of the text. Use specific textual details to support your conclusions.
- [Skill 2: Explain the Function of Setting](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-setting/study-guide/88IJcdbEx4IYCzVE375R): Notice physical and temporal details of a setting and explain what those details do: how they shape mood, reflect character, create conflict, or reinforce theme. Setting is the smallest MCQ category but connects to nearly every other skill.
- [Skill 3: Explain the Function of Plot and Structure](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-plot-and-structure/study-guide/Q4UZdQsFivM0VUfVPapS): Analyze how the sequence of events, the development of conflict, and the arrangement of scenes shape interpretation. Explain the effect of structural choices rather than summarizing what happens.
- [Skill 4: Explain the Function of the Narrator or Speaker](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-the-narrator-or-speaker/study-guide/iVDVjuQBEmg0gCZSEsQl): Analyze who is telling the story or speaking in a poem and how that choice controls what readers notice, feel, and conclude. This is the highest-weighted MCQ skill category at 21 to 26 percent.
- [Skill 5: Explain the Function of Word Choice, Imagery, and Symbols](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-word-choice-imagery-and-symbols/study-guide/GFxETdjaIT5urfV4tuMs): Move from the literal meaning of specific words and images to what those choices suggest or represent. Connect concrete language to abstract meaning and explain why that connection matters to the text.
- [Skill 6: Explain the Function of Comparison](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-comparison/study-guide/teOgoTWHmrWUlsNVAwN5): Identify similes, metaphors, personification, and allusions, then explain what those comparisons do for meaning. The goal is explaining the function of the comparison, not just naming the device.
- [Skill 7: Develop Textually Substantiated Arguments](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/develop-textually-substantiated-arguments-about-interpretations/study-guide/a1cD5iIAJb0rt4ycpRlB): Write a defensible thesis, select relevant textual evidence, and explain in your commentary how that evidence supports your interpretation. This skill underlies all three FRQ essays and is also tested on the MCQ section.

## Review Notes

### Skill 1: Explain the Function of Character

Character analysis in AP Lit means explaining how a character is portrayed, how they change or remain static, how they contrast with other characters, and how their relationships and motives contribute to the larger meaning of the text. You use specific textual details to support conclusions about perspective and complexity.

- **Character function**: How a character's portrayal, change, or relationships contribute to the meaning of the work, not just who the character is.
- **Complexity**: A character's contradictions, ambiguities, or layered motives that resist simple description.
- **Contrast**: How two characters are set against each other to highlight differences in values, perspective, or situation.

**Checkpoint:** Can you explain not just what a character does but why the author constructed that character that way and what it means for the text as a whole?

Weak response | Strong response
--- | ---
Describes what the character does in the plot | Explains how the character's actions or traits contribute to a theme or interpretation
Labels the character as a foil | Explains what the contrast between two characters reveals about the text's central ideas

### Skill 2: Explain the Function of Setting

Setting analysis means noticing the physical and temporal details of a literary work and explaining what those details do. Setting can establish mood, reflect a character's internal state, create conflict, or reinforce theme. It is the smallest MCQ category but connects to almost every other skill and appears in the Literary Argument essay.

- **Setting function**: How the time and place of a work shape mood, character, conflict, or meaning beyond simple description of location.
- **Physical detail**: Specific sensory or environmental features of a setting that carry interpretive weight.

**Checkpoint:** Can you explain how a specific setting detail connects to a character's situation, the mood of a scene, or a larger idea in the text?

Weak response | Strong response
--- | ---
Notes that the story takes place in a decaying house | Explains how the decaying house reflects the character's psychological deterioration or social decline
Identifies the time period | Explains how the historical or seasonal context shapes the conflict or limits the characters' choices

### Skill 3: Explain the Function of Plot and Structure

Plot and structure analysis means examining how a writer sequences events, builds conflict, uses contrasts between scenes or sections, and arranges the parts of a text to guide interpretation. This skill accounts for 16 to 20 percent of MCQ questions. The key move is explaining the effect of structural choices, not just summarizing what happens.

- **Sequence**: The order in which events are presented, including flashbacks, flash-forwards, or non-linear arrangements, and the effect of that order on meaning.
- **Conflict**: The central tension in a narrative and how its development and resolution shape the text's meaning.
- **Structural contrast**: How the arrangement of contrasting scenes, sections, or moments creates meaning through juxtaposition.

**Checkpoint:** Can you explain why the author arranged events in a particular order and what that arrangement does for the reader's interpretation?

Weak response | Strong response
--- | ---
Summarizes the plot sequence | Explains how the sequence of events builds tension or shifts the reader's understanding
Notes that the story uses flashback | Explains what the flashback reveals and how it reframes the present-day events

### Skill 4: Explain the Function of the Narrator or Speaker

This is the most heavily weighted skill on the MCQ section at 21 to 26 percent. You analyze who is telling the story or speaking in a poem, how that choice controls what readers notice and feel, and how the narrator's or speaker's perspective shapes interpretation. Going beyond naming point of view to explaining its effect is essential.

- **Point of view**: The vantage point from which a story is told, such as first person, third person limited, or omniscient, and how that vantage point shapes access to information.
- **Perspective**: The narrator's or speaker's particular way of seeing events, shaped by their values, knowledge, position, and emotional state.
- **Reliability**: The degree to which a narrator's account can be trusted, and how unreliability creates irony or complexity.

**Checkpoint:** Can you explain how the narrator's or speaker's perspective controls what the reader knows, feels, and concludes about the text?

Weak response | Strong response
--- | ---
Identifies the narrator as first person | Explains how the first-person narrator's limited knowledge creates suspense or irony
Notes the speaker seems sad | Explains how the speaker's emotional perspective shapes the poem's tone and the reader's interpretation

### Skill 5: Explain the Function of Word Choice, Imagery, and Symbols

This skill asks you to move from the literal meaning of specific words and images to what those choices suggest, represent, or associate with larger ideas. You connect concrete language to abstract meaning and explain why that connection matters. This category accounts for 10 to 13 percent of MCQ questions and appears across all three FRQ essays.

- **Connotation**: The associations and emotional weight a word carries beyond its dictionary definition.
- **Imagery**: Language that appeals to the senses and creates a mental picture, often carrying symbolic or thematic weight.
- **Symbol**: An object, place, or event that represents an idea or concept beyond its literal meaning within the text.

**Checkpoint:** Can you explain what a specific word choice or image suggests and how that suggestion connects to the text's larger meaning?

Weak response | Strong response
--- | ---
Identifies the word as having a negative connotation | Explains how the negative connotation of that word shapes the reader's attitude toward the character or situation
Notes that the object appears repeatedly | Explains what the repeated object symbolizes and how that symbolism develops across the text

### Skill 6: Explain the Function of Comparison

Comparison analysis means identifying similes, metaphors, personification, and allusions and then explaining what those comparisons do for meaning. The goal is never just naming the device. You explain how the comparison moves the text from literal description into figurative meaning and what idea, feeling, or interpretation it creates. This category accounts for 10 to 13 percent of MCQ questions.

- **Simile**: A comparison using like or as that creates figurative meaning by linking two unlike things.
- **Metaphor**: A direct comparison that attributes the qualities of one thing to another, shaping how the reader understands both.
- **Allusion**: A reference to another text, event, or figure that brings outside associations into the current text to deepen meaning.
- **Personification**: Attributing human qualities to non-human things, often to create emotional resonance or thematic connection.

**Checkpoint:** Can you explain what a specific comparison does for the reader's understanding, not just what two things are being compared?

Weak response | Strong response
--- | ---
Identifies the device as a metaphor | Explains what the metaphor suggests about the subject and how it shapes the reader's interpretation
Notes the allusion to a biblical story | Explains what associations the allusion brings in and how those associations affect the meaning of the passage

### Skill 7: Develop Textually Substantiated Arguments About Interpretations

Skill 7 is the writing engine behind all three FRQ essays. You write an interpretation of a literary text and back it up with evidence from that text. This means building a defensible thesis, selecting relevant textual evidence, and writing commentary that explains how the evidence supports your interpretation. It is also tested on the MCQ section, where questions ask you to identify claims, evidence, and reasoning in a passage.

- **Defensible thesis**: A claim that takes a clear interpretive position on the text and can be supported with evidence. It goes beyond restating the prompt.
- **Textual evidence**: Specific details, quotations, or examples from the text that support the interpretive claim.
- **Commentary**: The explanation of how and why the evidence supports the thesis, connecting the specific detail to the larger interpretation.
- **Sophistication**: In AP Lit scoring, demonstrating a complex understanding of the text, such as exploring tensions, considering alternative interpretations, or connecting the work to broader literary or cultural contexts.

**Checkpoint:** Can you write a thesis that takes a clear interpretive position, select evidence that directly supports it, and explain in your commentary exactly how that evidence works?

Weak response | Strong response
--- | ---
Thesis restates the prompt or describes the text without taking a position | Thesis makes a defensible interpretive claim about how a literary element contributes to meaning
Evidence is quoted but not explained | Commentary explains how the quoted evidence supports the specific interpretive claim in the thesis
Essay summarizes the plot | Essay analyzes how specific literary choices create meaning and supports that analysis with textual evidence

## Study Guides

- [Explain the Function of Character](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-character/study-guide/e520yndZ2vss5tx3lJMV)
- [Explain the Function of Setting](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-setting/study-guide/88IJcdbEx4IYCzVE375R)
- [Explain the Function of Plot and Structure](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-plot-and-structure/study-guide/Q4UZdQsFivM0VUfVPapS)
- [Explain the Function of the Narrator or Speaker](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-the-narrator-or-speaker/study-guide/iVDVjuQBEmg0gCZSEsQl)
- [Explain the Function of Word Choice, Imagery, and Symbols](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-word-choice-imagery-and-symbols/study-guide/GFxETdjaIT5urfV4tuMs)
- [Explain the Function of Comparison](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/explain-the-function-of-comparison/study-guide/teOgoTWHmrWUlsNVAwN5)
- [Develop Textually Substantiated Arguments About Interpretations](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills/develop-textually-substantiated-arguments-about-interpretations/study-guide/a1cD5iIAJb0rt4ycpRlB)

## Common Mistakes

- **Identifying the device instead of explaining its function**: Writing 'the author uses a metaphor' or 'this is an example of personification' without explaining what the comparison does is the most common error across Skills 5 and 6. Every identification needs a function explanation: what does this comparison create, suggest, or reveal?
- **Writing a thesis that describes instead of argues**: A thesis like 'This poem uses imagery and tone to convey emotion' does not take an interpretive position. A defensible thesis names a specific effect or meaning and connects it to a specific literary choice. Vague, descriptive theses earn no thesis point on the FRQ rubric.
- **Quoting without commentary**: Dropping a quotation into a paragraph and moving on is one of the most common FRQ errors. Every piece of evidence needs commentary that explains how it supports the specific claim in your thesis. The evidence does not speak for itself on the AP exam.
- **Treating narrator point of view as a label, not an analytical tool**: Noting that a story is told in first person is not analysis. You need to explain how that first-person perspective controls what the reader knows, creates irony, limits information, or shapes sympathy. Skill 4 is the highest-weighted MCQ category, and surface-level point-of-view identification will not earn credit.
- **Ignoring setting as a meaningful element**: Because Setting is the smallest MCQ category, students often skip it in their analysis. But setting details frequently appear in FRQ passages and poems as evidence for arguments about character, mood, and theme. Overlooking setting means missing available evidence.

## Exam Connections

- **MCQ questions test all seven skills on unseen passages**: Every multiple-choice question is tied to one or more of the seven skill categories. Narrator and Speaker questions are the most frequent at 21 to 26 percent of the section. When you read a passage, actively ask which skill each question is testing so you can apply the right analytical move.
- **All three FRQ essays require Skill 7**: The Poetry Analysis, Prose Fiction Analysis, and Literary Argument essays all require a defensible thesis, textual evidence, and commentary. Skills 1 through 6 provide the analytical content of your argument. The rubric rewards essays that explain how literary elements function, not essays that summarize or list devices.
- **Sophistication in Skill 7 is the hardest point to earn**: The sophistication point on the FRQ rubric rewards a complex understanding of the text: exploring tensions or contradictions, considering alternative interpretations, or connecting the work to broader literary or cultural contexts. It is not earned by using advanced vocabulary or writing a long essay. It requires a genuinely layered argument.

## Final Review Checklist

- **Explain function, not just identity**: For every literary element you analyze, check that you are explaining what it does and why it matters, not just naming or describing it. The word function should be in your mental checklist for every skill category.
- **Write a defensible thesis for every FRQ**: Your thesis must take a clear interpretive position that can be supported with evidence. It should not restate the prompt, describe the text without a claim, or offer a plot summary. Check that your thesis answers the question of how or why, not just what.
- **Connect evidence to your claim with commentary**: After every piece of textual evidence, write commentary that explains how that specific detail supports your thesis. If you can remove the evidence and the commentary still makes sense, the commentary is not doing its job.
- **Know the MCQ weight of each skill category**: Narrator and Speaker questions make up 21 to 26 percent of the MCQ section. Plot and Structure accounts for 16 to 20 percent. Word Choice and Comparison each account for 10 to 13 percent. Setting is 3 to 6 percent. Prioritize your reading time accordingly.
- **Apply Skills 1 through 6 as the content of your Skill 7 argument**: In the Poetry Analysis and Prose Fiction Analysis essays, your argument should be built around specific literary elements from Skills 1 through 6. Your thesis should name the element and the effect, and your body paragraphs should analyze how that element functions in the text.
- **Practice on unfamiliar passages**: All seven skills are tested on passages you have never seen before. Use the topic guides to study each skill, then apply them to new texts. The skill is transferable; the passage is not.

## Study Plan

- **Start with Skill 4 and Skill 3**: Narrator or Speaker and Plot and Structure together account for roughly 37 to 46 percent of MCQ questions. Read the topic guides for both skills first, practice identifying how point of view and structure shape meaning in short passages, and build your fluency with the highest-yield categories.
- **Work through Skills 5 and 6 together**: Word Choice, Imagery, and Symbols and Comparison are closely related and together account for 20 to 26 percent of MCQ questions. Study them as a pair. Practice moving from the literal meaning of a word or image to its figurative or symbolic function, and from naming a comparison to explaining what it does.
- **Study Skills 1 and 2 with an eye toward FRQ application**: Character and Setting appear throughout FRQ passages and are common sources of evidence in Literary Argument essays. Read the topic guides for both, then practice identifying how character complexity and setting details function as evidence in an argument about meaning.
- **Practice Skill 7 by writing thesis statements and commentary**: Use any passage or poem to practice writing a defensible thesis and one body paragraph with evidence and commentary. You do not need a full essay to practice Skill 7. Focus on the thesis-evidence-commentary sequence until it is automatic.
- **Use the score calculator to understand your target**: The AP Lit score calculator available on Fiveable can help you understand how your MCQ and FRQ performance combine into a composite score. Use it to set a realistic target and identify which skill areas to prioritize in your remaining study time.

## More Ways To Review

- [Topic study guides](/ap-lit/developing-course-skills#topics)
- [FRQ practice](/ap-lit/frq-practice)
- [Cheatsheets](/ap-lit/cheatsheets/developing-course-skills)