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5.2 Global Challenges

5 min readapril 18, 2023

Katelyn Lien

Katelyn Lien

C

chloe

Katelyn Lien

Katelyn Lien

C

chloe

Japan, like many countries, faces a range of global challenges. These include an aging population, declining birth rates, environmental issues such as natural disasters and pollution, and economic pressures such as income inequality and international competition.

Philosophical Thought and Religion

Japanese philosophical thought has been heavily influenced by both indigenous Shinto beliefs and imported Buddhist and Confucian doctrines. Religion in Japan is characterized by a rich and diverse mix of traditions, including , , , and various new religious movements.

Philosophical Thought

Japanese philosophical thought is deeply rooted in the country's cultural and historical traditions, including , , and Confucianism. One of the most significant philosophical concepts in Japan is "," which is an aesthetic ideal that values simplicity, impermanence, and the beauty of imperfection.

The idea of "," which roughly translates to "nothingness" or "emptiness," is also central to Japanese philosophy, particularly in . It refers to the concept of letting go of attachment and ego to achieve enlightenment.

Another important philosophical idea in Japan is "," which means harmony or balance. This concept is closely linked to the Japanese appreciation for nature and the importance of living in harmony with it. "" is another concept that is unique to Japanese philosophy and refers to the beauty and melancholy of the impermanence of life.

These ideas have been expressed in various forms of Japanese art, such as poetry, flower arranging, and tea ceremony. Overall, Japanese philosophical thought emphasizes the importance of mindfulness, self-reflection, and living in harmony with nature and others.

Religion

Shinto

Religion in Japan is a diverse and complex mix of beliefs and practices, reflecting the country's long history of cultural exchange and synthesis. , or "Shinto," is the indigenous religion of Japan and involves the worship of a vast array of or "gods" and spirits that are believed to inhabit the natural world. Shinto rituals and ceremonies are often associated with significant life events, such as births, weddings, and funerals, and involve offerings of food, drink, and other symbolic objects.Regenerate response

Buddhism

, or "Bukkyo," was introduced to Japan from China and Korea in the 6th century CE and has since become a significant part of Japanese religious and cultural life. Buddhist beliefs and practices in Japan encompass a wide range of sects and traditions, including Zen, Pure Land, and . Buddhist temples in Japan serve as important cultural and social centers, and many Japanese people engage in regular Buddhist practices such as meditation, chanting, and offering incense and prayers to the Buddha and other deities.

Christianity

, or "Kirisutokyo," was introduced to Japan by European missionaries in the 16th century but initially faced persecution and suppression during the Edo period. Today, is a minority religion in Japan, but still has a significant presence, particularly among urban and educated populations. New religious movements or "" have also emerged in Japan in modern times, such as and , which blend elements of traditional Japanese beliefs with new spiritual practices and social and political ideologies. Overall, religion in Japan is a dynamic and ever-evolving aspect of the country's cultural landscape.

Social Conscience

Social conscience, or "," is a central aspect of Japanese culture and society. The Japanese value group harmony and social cohesion, which has led to a strong sense of social responsibility and obligation to others. The concept of "," or obligation and duty, is deeply ingrained in Japanese social consciousness and shapes many aspects of daily life, including relationships with family, friends, and coworkers.

Japanese society also emphasizes respect for authority and a willingness to conform to societal norms and expectations, which can sometimes be seen as a form of social conscience. However, there is also a growing awareness and concern for social justice and environmental sustainability in Japan, particularly among younger generations who are challenging traditional social norms and advocating for change. This is reflected in movements such as "" and "Kodomo Shokudo," which focus on reducing waste and addressing issues of poverty and inequality.

Overall, social conscience in Japan is characterized by a complex mix of traditional values and modern concerns, reflecting the country's unique history and cultural identity. While there are certainly challenges to be addressed, the strong sense of social responsibility and obligation to others remains an important aspect of Japanese society and culture.

Population and Demographics

Population

Japan is a highly developed country with a rapidly aging population and a low birth rate. The country's population, or "jinko," was estimated to be around 125 million in 2021, with the majority of people living in urban areas such as Tokyo, Yokohama, and Osaka. One significant demographic trend in Japan is the aging population, or "koreika," which is a result of declining birth rates and increased life expectancy. As of 2021, around 28% of Japan's population was aged 65 or over, and this proportion is expected to rise to around 38% by 2050. This demographic shift has significant implications for Japan's social and economic systems, as older people require more healthcare and social support, while the working-age population is shrinking.

Women in the Workforce

Another important demographic factor in Japan is the role of women in society and the workforce. While Japan has made progress in recent years towards gender equality, there are still significant disparities in areas such as pay and political representation. The Japanese government has implemented policies such as the "womenomics" initiative to promote greater participation of women in the workforce, but there is still much work to be done to address gender inequality in Japan. Overall, the population and demographics of Japan are complex and evolving, reflecting the country's unique history and cultural identity.

Key Words and Ideas

    The main religions in Japan are: Shinto, ,  

  • 無(む) means nothingness or emptiness 

  • 和(わ) the concept of harmony 

  • 義理(ぎり) the concept of obligation and duty 

  • Social conscience is a big part of Japanese society

Strive for a Five Vocabulary

  • 生花(いけばな)  

  • 神(かみ) god

  • 仏教(ぶっきょう)  

  • キリスト教(きりすときょう)  

  • 人口(じんこ) population 

Key Terms to Review (20)

Aum Shinrikyo

: Aum Shinrikyo was a Japanese doomsday cult founded by Shoko Asahara in 1984. The group gained notoriety for carrying out the deadly Tokyo subway sarin gas attack in 1995, resulting in multiple casualties.

Buddhism

: Buddhism is a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) that originated in ancient India but spread widely throughout Asia, including Japan. It focuses on achieving enlightenment through meditation, ethical living, and understanding the impermanence of life.

Christianity

: Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It emphasizes faith in Jesus as the Son of God, salvation through his death and resurrection, and following his teachings as found in the Bible.

Giri

: In Japanese culture, giri refers to one's sense of duty or obligation towards others based on their roles within relationships or hierarchical structures.

Haiku

: Haiku is a traditional form of Japanese poetry consisting of three lines with a 5-7-5 syllable pattern. It often captures a single moment in nature and evokes emotions through vivid imagery.

Ikebana

: Ikebana is the Japanese art form of flower arrangement. It emphasizes minimalism, balance, and harmony between the flowers, branches, and container.

Kami

: In Shintoism, kami refers to divine spirits or deities that are worshipped. They can be found in various forms such as natural elements, ancestors, or even legendary figures.

Koreika (高齢化)

: Koreika refers to the aging population phenomenon in Japan, where the proportion of elderly people is increasing.

Mono no Aware

: Mono no aware is a Japanese term that refers to the bittersweet awareness of the impermanence and transient nature of life. It captures the feeling of appreciating beauty while also acknowledging its fleeting existence.

Mottainai

: Mottainai expresses regret over wasting resources or being wasteful. It promotes the idea of cherishing and utilizing things fully to minimize waste.

Mu

: Mu is a Zen Buddhist term meaning "no" or "not." It represents negation or emptiness, often used to reject dualistic thinking or answer unanswerable questions.

Nichiren Buddhism

: Nichiren Buddhism is a Japanese Buddhist sect founded by Nichiren Daishonin. It centers around chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo, a mantra derived from the Lotus Sutra, as a means to attain enlightenment.

Pure Land Buddhism

: Pure Land Buddhism is a branch of Mahayana Buddhism that focuses on devotion to Amitabha Buddha. Its main goal is rebirth into Amitabha's pure land, a realm free from suffering.

Shakai Ishiki

: Shakai Ishiki translates to "social consciousness" and refers to an individual's awareness and concern for societal issues such as poverty, inequality, or environmental problems.

Shinshukyo

: Shinshukyo refers to new religious movements that originated in Japan. These movements often combine elements from various religions such as Shintoism, Buddhism, and folk beliefs while incorporating unique practices and doctrines.

Shintoism

: Shintoism is a traditional Japanese religion that focuses on the worship of kami, which are divine spirits or deities. It emphasizes the connection between humans and nature.

Soka Gakkai

: Soka Gakkai is a Japanese Buddhist religious movement that promotes peace, education, and personal happiness through the teachings of its founder, Tsunesaburo Makiguchi. It has millions of members worldwide.

Wa

: Wa refers to harmony, peace, unity, and cooperation within a group or society. It emphasizes social cohesion, consensus-building, and avoiding conflict for the greater good.

Wabi-Sabi

: Wabi-sabi is a Japanese aesthetic concept that appreciates the beauty of imperfection, transience, and simplicity. It values the natural and rustic qualities of objects or experiences.

Zen Buddhism

: Zen Buddhism is a form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and direct experience to achieve enlightenment. It focuses on the practice of mindfulness and being fully present in the moment.

5.2 Global Challenges

5 min readapril 18, 2023

Katelyn Lien

Katelyn Lien

C

chloe

Katelyn Lien

Katelyn Lien

C

chloe

Japan, like many countries, faces a range of global challenges. These include an aging population, declining birth rates, environmental issues such as natural disasters and pollution, and economic pressures such as income inequality and international competition.

Philosophical Thought and Religion

Japanese philosophical thought has been heavily influenced by both indigenous Shinto beliefs and imported Buddhist and Confucian doctrines. Religion in Japan is characterized by a rich and diverse mix of traditions, including , , , and various new religious movements.

Philosophical Thought

Japanese philosophical thought is deeply rooted in the country's cultural and historical traditions, including , , and Confucianism. One of the most significant philosophical concepts in Japan is "," which is an aesthetic ideal that values simplicity, impermanence, and the beauty of imperfection.

The idea of "," which roughly translates to "nothingness" or "emptiness," is also central to Japanese philosophy, particularly in . It refers to the concept of letting go of attachment and ego to achieve enlightenment.

Another important philosophical idea in Japan is "," which means harmony or balance. This concept is closely linked to the Japanese appreciation for nature and the importance of living in harmony with it. "" is another concept that is unique to Japanese philosophy and refers to the beauty and melancholy of the impermanence of life.

These ideas have been expressed in various forms of Japanese art, such as poetry, flower arranging, and tea ceremony. Overall, Japanese philosophical thought emphasizes the importance of mindfulness, self-reflection, and living in harmony with nature and others.

Religion

Shinto

Religion in Japan is a diverse and complex mix of beliefs and practices, reflecting the country's long history of cultural exchange and synthesis. , or "Shinto," is the indigenous religion of Japan and involves the worship of a vast array of or "gods" and spirits that are believed to inhabit the natural world. Shinto rituals and ceremonies are often associated with significant life events, such as births, weddings, and funerals, and involve offerings of food, drink, and other symbolic objects.Regenerate response

Buddhism

, or "Bukkyo," was introduced to Japan from China and Korea in the 6th century CE and has since become a significant part of Japanese religious and cultural life. Buddhist beliefs and practices in Japan encompass a wide range of sects and traditions, including Zen, Pure Land, and . Buddhist temples in Japan serve as important cultural and social centers, and many Japanese people engage in regular Buddhist practices such as meditation, chanting, and offering incense and prayers to the Buddha and other deities.

Christianity

, or "Kirisutokyo," was introduced to Japan by European missionaries in the 16th century but initially faced persecution and suppression during the Edo period. Today, is a minority religion in Japan, but still has a significant presence, particularly among urban and educated populations. New religious movements or "" have also emerged in Japan in modern times, such as and , which blend elements of traditional Japanese beliefs with new spiritual practices and social and political ideologies. Overall, religion in Japan is a dynamic and ever-evolving aspect of the country's cultural landscape.

Social Conscience

Social conscience, or "," is a central aspect of Japanese culture and society. The Japanese value group harmony and social cohesion, which has led to a strong sense of social responsibility and obligation to others. The concept of "," or obligation and duty, is deeply ingrained in Japanese social consciousness and shapes many aspects of daily life, including relationships with family, friends, and coworkers.

Japanese society also emphasizes respect for authority and a willingness to conform to societal norms and expectations, which can sometimes be seen as a form of social conscience. However, there is also a growing awareness and concern for social justice and environmental sustainability in Japan, particularly among younger generations who are challenging traditional social norms and advocating for change. This is reflected in movements such as "" and "Kodomo Shokudo," which focus on reducing waste and addressing issues of poverty and inequality.

Overall, social conscience in Japan is characterized by a complex mix of traditional values and modern concerns, reflecting the country's unique history and cultural identity. While there are certainly challenges to be addressed, the strong sense of social responsibility and obligation to others remains an important aspect of Japanese society and culture.

Population and Demographics

Population

Japan is a highly developed country with a rapidly aging population and a low birth rate. The country's population, or "jinko," was estimated to be around 125 million in 2021, with the majority of people living in urban areas such as Tokyo, Yokohama, and Osaka. One significant demographic trend in Japan is the aging population, or "koreika," which is a result of declining birth rates and increased life expectancy. As of 2021, around 28% of Japan's population was aged 65 or over, and this proportion is expected to rise to around 38% by 2050. This demographic shift has significant implications for Japan's social and economic systems, as older people require more healthcare and social support, while the working-age population is shrinking.

Women in the Workforce

Another important demographic factor in Japan is the role of women in society and the workforce. While Japan has made progress in recent years towards gender equality, there are still significant disparities in areas such as pay and political representation. The Japanese government has implemented policies such as the "womenomics" initiative to promote greater participation of women in the workforce, but there is still much work to be done to address gender inequality in Japan. Overall, the population and demographics of Japan are complex and evolving, reflecting the country's unique history and cultural identity.

Key Words and Ideas

    The main religions in Japan are: Shinto, ,  

  • 無(む) means nothingness or emptiness 

  • 和(わ) the concept of harmony 

  • 義理(ぎり) the concept of obligation and duty 

  • Social conscience is a big part of Japanese society

Strive for a Five Vocabulary

  • 生花(いけばな)  

  • 神(かみ) god

  • 仏教(ぶっきょう)  

  • キリスト教(きりすときょう)  

  • 人口(じんこ) population 

Key Terms to Review (20)

Aum Shinrikyo

: Aum Shinrikyo was a Japanese doomsday cult founded by Shoko Asahara in 1984. The group gained notoriety for carrying out the deadly Tokyo subway sarin gas attack in 1995, resulting in multiple casualties.

Buddhism

: Buddhism is a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) that originated in ancient India but spread widely throughout Asia, including Japan. It focuses on achieving enlightenment through meditation, ethical living, and understanding the impermanence of life.

Christianity

: Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It emphasizes faith in Jesus as the Son of God, salvation through his death and resurrection, and following his teachings as found in the Bible.

Giri

: In Japanese culture, giri refers to one's sense of duty or obligation towards others based on their roles within relationships or hierarchical structures.

Haiku

: Haiku is a traditional form of Japanese poetry consisting of three lines with a 5-7-5 syllable pattern. It often captures a single moment in nature and evokes emotions through vivid imagery.

Ikebana

: Ikebana is the Japanese art form of flower arrangement. It emphasizes minimalism, balance, and harmony between the flowers, branches, and container.

Kami

: In Shintoism, kami refers to divine spirits or deities that are worshipped. They can be found in various forms such as natural elements, ancestors, or even legendary figures.

Koreika (高齢化)

: Koreika refers to the aging population phenomenon in Japan, where the proportion of elderly people is increasing.

Mono no Aware

: Mono no aware is a Japanese term that refers to the bittersweet awareness of the impermanence and transient nature of life. It captures the feeling of appreciating beauty while also acknowledging its fleeting existence.

Mottainai

: Mottainai expresses regret over wasting resources or being wasteful. It promotes the idea of cherishing and utilizing things fully to minimize waste.

Mu

: Mu is a Zen Buddhist term meaning "no" or "not." It represents negation or emptiness, often used to reject dualistic thinking or answer unanswerable questions.

Nichiren Buddhism

: Nichiren Buddhism is a Japanese Buddhist sect founded by Nichiren Daishonin. It centers around chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo, a mantra derived from the Lotus Sutra, as a means to attain enlightenment.

Pure Land Buddhism

: Pure Land Buddhism is a branch of Mahayana Buddhism that focuses on devotion to Amitabha Buddha. Its main goal is rebirth into Amitabha's pure land, a realm free from suffering.

Shakai Ishiki

: Shakai Ishiki translates to "social consciousness" and refers to an individual's awareness and concern for societal issues such as poverty, inequality, or environmental problems.

Shinshukyo

: Shinshukyo refers to new religious movements that originated in Japan. These movements often combine elements from various religions such as Shintoism, Buddhism, and folk beliefs while incorporating unique practices and doctrines.

Shintoism

: Shintoism is a traditional Japanese religion that focuses on the worship of kami, which are divine spirits or deities. It emphasizes the connection between humans and nature.

Soka Gakkai

: Soka Gakkai is a Japanese Buddhist religious movement that promotes peace, education, and personal happiness through the teachings of its founder, Tsunesaburo Makiguchi. It has millions of members worldwide.

Wa

: Wa refers to harmony, peace, unity, and cooperation within a group or society. It emphasizes social cohesion, consensus-building, and avoiding conflict for the greater good.

Wabi-Sabi

: Wabi-sabi is a Japanese aesthetic concept that appreciates the beauty of imperfection, transience, and simplicity. It values the natural and rustic qualities of objects or experiences.

Zen Buddhism

: Zen Buddhism is a form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and direct experience to achieve enlightenment. It focuses on the practice of mindfulness and being fully present in the moment.


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AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.