Sometimes there are multiple ways to represent the same boolean expression. To show that they are the same expression, either prove that they can be simplified to the same expression using boolean properties and identities or prove that they can be the same in all cases.

Proof By Simplification

We can simplify one boolean expression to another in order to show that the two expressions are equivalent. To do so, we will use boolean properties, identities, and theorems. You do NOT need to memorize these, as we will do an easier formulaic way after.

For boolean values a, b, and c, we have the following:

Basic Theorems

1. a && false == false

2. a && true == a

3. a && a == a

4. a && !a == false

5. a || false == a

6. a || true == true

7. a || a == a

8. a || !a == true

9. !(!a) == a (The inverse of an inverse is the original value)

Consensus Theorems (Nice to know, but not required)

• a || (!a && b) == a || b

• a || (!a && !b) == a || !b

• !a || (a && b) == !a || b

• !a || (a && !b) == !a || !b

Commutative Law (boolean AND and OR are commutative)

• a && b == b && a

• a || b == b || a

Associative Law (boolean AND and OR are associative)

• a && (b && c) == (a && b) && c

• a || (b || c) == (a || b) || c

Distributive Law (boolean AND distributes over boolean OR)

• a && (b || c) == (a && b) || (a && c)

DeMorgan's Theorems (Important to know) (boolean NOT does not distribute over boolean OR or AND)

• !(a && b) == !a || !b

• !(a || b) == !a && !b

We can use these properties to simplify boolean expressions. This example is probably more complicated than what you would see on the exam, but it still serves as a good guide:

!a && b && c || a && !b && c || a && b && !c || a && b && c = !a && b && c || a && b && c || a && b && !c || a && !b && c (Commutative Law) = (!a || a) && b && c || a && b && !c || a && !b && c (Distributive Law) = (true) && b && c || a && b && !c || a && !b && c (Basic Theorem 8) = b && c || a && b && !c || a && !b && c (Basic Theorem 2) = b && (c || a && !c) || a && !b && c (Distributive Law) = b && (c || !c && a) || a && !b && c (Commutative Law) = b && (c || a) || a && !b && c (Consensus Theorem) = b && c || b && a || a && !b && c (Distributive Law) = b && c || a && (b || !b && c) (Distributive Law) = b && c || a && (b || c) (Consensus Theorem) = b && c || a && b || a && c. (Distributive Law)

In this simplification, every row is equivalent to the first row due to boolean properties. However, this can get a little messy at times, as seen above, so we have... drumroll please...

Proof By Testing All Cases

Sometimes, the simplification of a boolean expression may not be obvious, so we can test all possible cases of input in a boolean expression to get all possible outputs. If the outputs of two boolean statements are all the same, then these two statements are equivalent. We can do this with truth tables, which are a methodical way to organize these.

Remember that there is an order of operations to these operators if there are multiple boolean logical operators in one expression. The NOT operator has the highest precedence, followed by the AND operator and finally the OR operator.

Truth Table Example 1

Here is a truth table for !a && b || !a && !b:

Note that this expression evaluates to true any time a is false, so an equivalent boolean expression for this is simply !a.

As for the structure of the truth table, the leftmost columns are the inputs with the number of rows dictated by the possible number of inputs. The following columns represent the evaluation of the boolean expression step by step according to the boolean order of operations. Once you become more familiar with these operations, you can skip some of the columns, but it's better to keep all of the columns to be safe.

Truth Table Example 2

Here is a truth table for (!a || b) && (!a || !b):

Note that this expression also evaluates to true any time a is false, so an equivalent boolean expression for this is also !a.