---
title: "AP Comp Gov Review by Country"
description: "Review for AP Comparative Government with in-depth guides for each required country."
canonical: "https://fiveable.me/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country"
type: "unit"
subject: "AP Comparative Government"
unit: "Review by country"
---

# AP Comp Gov Review by Country

## Overview

The six required countries span the full regime spectrum, from the UK's consolidated democracy to China's one-party authoritarian state, with Russia, Iran, Mexico, and Nigeria filling in the middle ground of competitive authoritarianism, theocracy, and democratization. Every FRQ and most MCQs expect you to move fluidly between countries.

## AP CED Alignment

This unit hub is organized around AP Course and Exam Description topics, skills, and exam task types when they are available in the source data.
- China: CCP one-party rule and rule by law
- Iran: Theocracy and dual authority structures
- Mexico: Transition from single-party dominance
- Nigeria: Federalism, cleavages, and the resource curse
- Russia: Managed democracy and semi-presidentialism
- United Kingdom: Parliamentary democracy and rule of law
- guide: Compare AP Comp Gov Concepts by Country
- China: One-party authoritarian state
- Iran: Theocratic authoritarian regime
- Mexico: Democratizing presidential federal republic
- Nigeria: Democratizing federal presidential republic
- Russia: Competitive authoritarian semi-presidential system
- United Kingdom: Consolidated parliamentary democracy

## Topics

- [China: CCP one-party rule and rule by law](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/china/study-guide/K0v3iydFqTXwWWKj): China shows how an authoritarian regime can maintain stability through party control of institutions, censorship, and selective economic liberalization. Key exam contrasts: China vs. UK on rule of law, China vs. Russia on party structure, China vs. Iran on economic policy.
- [Iran: Theocracy and dual authority structures](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/iran/study-guide/bUWbUXywIUmcF9zP): Iran's layered system of unelected religious authority over elected republican institutions is unique among the six countries. The Guardian Council's veto power over candidates and legislation is the most-tested feature. Pair Iran with Nigeria on rentier state economics.
- [Mexico: Transition from single-party dominance](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/mexico/study-guide/kBdQHh6UAoZ9orsL): Mexico's shift from PRI hegemony to multiparty competition through institutional reform (especially the INE) is the course's clearest democratization story. Use Mexico to illustrate how electoral institutions shape regime change. Compare with Nigeria on presidential federalism.
- [Nigeria: Federalism, cleavages, and the resource curse](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/nigeria/study-guide/4uuIc1WGkOGZPbz5): Nigeria combines a presidential federal system with deep ethnic and religious divisions and oil-dependent revenues. The 2015 peaceful transfer of power from PDP to APC is a key democratization milestone. Compare with Iran on rentier state dynamics and with Mexico on presidential federalism.
- [Russia: Managed democracy and semi-presidentialism](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/russia/study-guide/1npwfGiLZDKjfNbW): Russia is the only semi-presidential system in the course and the clearest example of competitive authoritarianism. Elections occur but outcomes are controlled. Use Russia to contrast with the UK on democratic accountability and with China on the role of formal opposition.
- [United Kingdom: Parliamentary democracy and rule of law](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/uk/study-guide/ZVPsGeBZ824XTEHM): The UK is the benchmark democratic case. Its parliamentary system, independent judiciary, free media, and devolved unitary structure appear in nearly every democracy-side comparison. Use the UK to anchor FRQ 3 whenever the prompt asks for a democratic contrast.
- [guide: Compare AP Comp Gov Concepts by Country](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/comparison-tables/study-guide/pNzKd3PsRABdhYiW): Compare all six AP Comparative Government countries (China, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, UK) across regimes, institutions, elections, courts, and economies.

## Review Notes

### China: One-party authoritarian state

China is the course's clearest example of authoritarian one-party rule. The Chinese Communist Party controls the government, military, and media. Formal institutions like the National People's Congress exist but operate under party direction. Economic policy combines state control with market liberalization through Special Economic Zones.

- **CCP**: Chinese Communist Party; the only legal ruling party, which controls all branches of government and the military since 1949.
- **NPC**: National People's Congress; China's formal legislature, which approves CCP decisions but does not independently initiate or block legislation.
- **Politburo Standing Committee**: The small inner circle of top CCP leaders that holds real executive decision-making power.
- **Rule by law**: Using law as a tool of party control rather than as an independent check on government power; contrasts with rule of law in the UK.
- **SEZs**: Special Economic Zones; areas where market-oriented policies were introduced to attract foreign investment while the CCP maintained political control.
- **Great Firewall**: China's system of internet censorship and surveillance that restricts access to foreign media and political content.

**Checkpoint:** Can you explain why China is described as having rule by law rather than rule of law, and give one institutional example that illustrates the difference?

Feature | China | UK contrast
--- | --- | ---
Regime type | One-party authoritarian | Parliamentary democracy
Legislature role | Approves CCP decisions | Independently legislates
Judiciary | Party-controlled | Independent common law courts
Media | State-censored | Free and independent
Elections | Indirect, no multiparty competition | Free, fair, competitive

### Iran: Theocratic authoritarian regime

Iran is the course's only theocracy. After the 1979 Revolution, religious authorities gained supreme power over elected institutions. The Supreme Leader outranks the elected president, and the Guardian Council can disqualify candidates before elections occur. Iran is also the only course country without formal political parties.

- **Supreme Leader**: Iran's highest authority, an unelected religious figure who controls the military, judiciary, and foreign policy; currently Ali Khamenei.
- **Guardian Council**: A 12-member body that vets all legislation for Islamic compliance and screens candidates for elected office, giving unelected clerics a veto over democratic participation.
- **Majles**: Iran's 290-seat elected parliament; can pass legislation but is subject to Guardian Council review and Supreme Leader authority.
- **Rentier state**: A state that derives most revenue from oil exports rather than taxing citizens, reducing government accountability to the public.
- **Green Movement**: The 2009 protest movement that challenged the disputed re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad; suppressed by the government, it illustrates limits on civil society in Iran.
- **Velayat-e faqih**: The principle of guardianship of the Islamic jurist, the ideological foundation for clerical rule in Iran.

**Checkpoint:** How does the Guardian Council's candidate vetting function differently from an electoral commission in a democratic system like Mexico's INE?

Feature | Iran | Mexico contrast
--- | --- | ---
Regime type | Theocratic authoritarian | Democratizing republic
Candidate screening | Guardian Council disqualifies candidates | INE ensures fair access
Head of state | Supreme Leader (unelected) | President (elected)
Political parties | None formal | Multiparty competition
Revenue base | Oil rentier state | Diversified economy

### Mexico: Democratizing presidential federal republic

Mexico's defining story is transition: from PRI single-party dominance for most of the 20th century to genuine multiparty competition after electoral reforms in the 1990s. It is one of two presidential systems and one of three federal states among the six countries. The creation of an independent electoral commission (INE) is the key institutional reform to know.

- **PRI**: Institutional Revolutionary Party; dominated Mexican politics from 1929 to 2000 through patronage, co-optation, and electoral manipulation.
- **INE**: National Electoral Institute; the independent body that administers elections and ended PRI control over the electoral process.
- **PAN**: National Action Party; center-right party whose 2000 presidential victory ended 71 years of PRI rule.
- **Sexenio**: The six-year presidential term in Mexico; presidents cannot be re-elected, a rule designed to prevent authoritarian consolidation.
- **Federalism**: Mexico divides power between the federal government and 31 states, though the federal center historically dominated.
- **Corporatism**: The PRI's system of incorporating labor unions, peasant groups, and business associations into the party structure to manage political participation.

**Checkpoint:** What specific institutional change most enabled Mexico's democratic transition, and why does the exam treat Mexico as still democratizing rather than fully consolidated?

Feature | Mexico | Nigeria comparison
--- | --- | ---
Regime type | Democratizing republic | Democratizing republic
Executive system | Presidential | Presidential
State structure | Federal | Federal
Transition from | Single-party (PRI) dominance | Military rule
Key challenge | Corruption, drug cartel influence | Ethnic cleavages, resource curse

### Nigeria: Democratizing federal presidential republic

Nigeria transitioned from military rule to a multiparty republic in 1999. It is the course's primary case for federalism in a deeply divided society, the resource curse, and the challenges of democratic consolidation. The 25% rule for presidential elections and the rotation of power between north and south are unique institutional features.

- **25% rule**: A presidential candidate must win at least 25% of the vote in two-thirds of Nigeria's 36 states to be declared the winner, designed to ensure national rather than regional mandates.
- **PDP**: Peoples Democratic Party; dominated Nigerian politics from 1999 to 2015 before losing the presidency to the APC.
- **APC**: All Progressives Congress; the opposition coalition that defeated the PDP in 2015, marking Nigeria's first peaceful transfer of power between parties.
- **Resource curse**: The paradox where oil wealth weakens democratic accountability and economic diversification; Nigeria earns most government revenue from oil but has high poverty rates.
- **Rentier state**: Like Iran, Nigeria relies heavily on oil revenues rather than broad taxation, reducing citizen leverage over government.
- **Ethnic cleavages**: Nigeria's major divisions among Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo groups shape party competition, federalism, and political conflict.

**Checkpoint:** Why does the exam pair Nigeria and Mexico as comparison cases, and what is the most important institutional difference between them?

Feature | Nigeria | Iran comparison
--- | --- | ---
Regime type | Democratizing republic | Theocratic authoritarian
Revenue source | Oil rentier state | Oil rentier state
Elections | Competitive multiparty | Screened by Guardian Council
Religious influence | Sharia law in northern states | Sharia law governs entire state
Civil society | Active but constrained | Heavily restricted

### Russia: Competitive authoritarian semi-presidential system

Russia is the course's example of a managed or illiberal democracy: elections are held but not genuinely competitive, civil liberties are restricted, and United Russia dominates the State Duma. Russia is the only semi-presidential system among the six countries, meaning executive power is formally shared between a president and a prime minister.

- **Competitive authoritarianism**: A regime that holds elections and maintains formal democratic institutions but manipulates them to ensure the ruling group stays in power.
- **Semi-presidential system**: An executive structure with both a directly elected president and a prime minister accountable to the legislature; in Russia, the president dominates.
- **State Duma**: Russia's lower house of parliament; United Russia holds a dominant majority, limiting genuine legislative opposition.
- **United Russia**: The dominant political party closely associated with Vladimir Putin; controls the Duma and state resources.
- **Managed democracy**: Another term for Russia's system, where the appearance of democratic competition masks authoritarian control over outcomes.
- **Siloviki**: Former security and military officials who form a key part of Putin's inner circle and the Russian power structure.

**Checkpoint:** How does Russia's semi-presidential system differ from the UK's parliamentary system and Mexico's presidential system in terms of where executive power actually sits?

Feature | Russia | UK contrast
--- | --- | ---
Regime type | Competitive authoritarian | Parliamentary democracy
Executive structure | Semi-presidential | Parliamentary (PM from legislature)
Elections | Held but manipulated | Free and fair
Judiciary | Not independent | Independent
Media | State-dominated | Free and independent

### United Kingdom: Consolidated parliamentary democracy

The UK is the democratic anchor of the course. Its parliamentary system fuses executive and legislative power through the prime minister and cabinet, who must maintain a Commons majority. The UK is a unitary state with devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It uses first-past-the-post elections and has an independent common law judiciary.

- **Parliamentary system**: A system where the executive (prime minister and cabinet) is drawn from and accountable to the legislature; the government falls if it loses a confidence vote.
- **Fusion of powers**: In the UK, the executive and legislative branches overlap because the PM and cabinet are members of Parliament, contrasting with the US or Mexican separation of powers.
- **Devolution**: The transfer of specific powers from the central UK government to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, while sovereignty remains with Westminster.
- **FPTP**: First-past-the-post electoral system; the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, which tends to produce two-party dominance and disproportionate outcomes.
- **Rule of law**: The principle that all individuals and government actors are equally subject to the law, enforced by an independent judiciary; a defining feature of UK democracy.
- **Brexit**: The UK's 2016 referendum decision to leave the European Union, illustrating direct democracy, sovereignty debates, and political cleavages within the UK.

**Checkpoint:** Why is the UK described as a unitary state even though Scotland and Wales have their own parliaments? How does devolution differ from federalism?

Feature | UK | Russia contrast
--- | --- | ---
Regime type | Parliamentary democracy | Competitive authoritarian
Executive accountability | PM accountable to Commons | President dominates, limited accountability
State structure | Unitary with devolution | Federal in name, centralized in practice
Judiciary | Independent | Not independent
Elections | Free, fair, FPTP | Held but manipulated

## Study Guides

- [Compare AP Comp Gov Concepts by Country](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/comparison-tables/study-guide/pNzKd3PsRABdhYiW)
- [China](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/china/study-guide/K0v3iydFqTXwWWKj)
- [Iran Study Guide](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/iran/study-guide/bUWbUXywIUmcF9zP)
- [Mexico](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/mexico/study-guide/kBdQHh6UAoZ9orsL)
- [Nigeria](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/nigeria/study-guide/4uuIc1WGkOGZPbz5)
- [Russia](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/russia/study-guide/1npwfGiLZDKjfNbW)
- [United Kingdom](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country/uk/study-guide/ZVPsGeBZ824XTEHM)

## Common Mistakes

- **Calling Russia a democracy because it holds elections**: Russia holds elections, but the exam classifies it as competitive authoritarian or managed democracy because those elections are not free or fair. United Russia's dominance, candidate suppression, and media control are what matter. Do not confuse the presence of elections with democratic legitimacy.
- **Confusing Iran's president with Iran's head of state**: Iran's president is the head of government, not the head of state. The Supreme Leader holds supreme authority and outranks the president on military, foreign policy, and judicial matters. The Guardian Council, not the president, controls who can run for office.
- **Treating Mexico and Nigeria as identical cases**: Both are democratizing presidential federal republics, but their transitions differ. Mexico transitioned from single-party civilian rule; Nigeria transitioned from military rule. Nigeria also has ethnic cleavages and a rentier economy that Mexico does not share to the same degree. FRQ 3 will penalize generic answers that ignore these distinctions.
- **Describing UK devolution as federalism**: The UK is a unitary state. Devolution transfers specific powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, but Westminster retains sovereignty and could theoretically reclaim those powers. In a federal system like Mexico or Nigeria, subnational governments have constitutionally guaranteed powers the center cannot unilaterally remove.
- **Forgetting that China's legislature is not independent**: The National People's Congress exists and formally passes laws, but it operates under CCP direction. Describing the NPC as a functioning independent legislature is inaccurate. The real power sits in the Politburo Standing Committee, not the NPC.

## Exam Connections

- **Multiple-choice questions: country identification and comparison**: Roughly 25-32% of MCQs involve country comparison. Questions may describe an institutional feature (a Guardian Council vetting candidates, a semi-presidential executive, a rentier economy) and ask you to identify the country or explain the implication. Knowing each country's defining features precisely, not just generally, is what separates correct answers from close misses.
- **FRQ 3: Comparative Analysis**: FRQ 3 is entirely devoted to comparing two countries on a specific political feature. You must identify a similarity or difference, explain why it exists using course concepts, and often evaluate a consequence. The strongest responses name specific institutions (the Guardian Council, the INE, the State Duma), not just regime labels. Use the country topic guides to build a bank of specific institutional evidence for each country.
- **FRQs 1 and 2: Country-specific conceptual questions**: FRQs 1 and 2 often ask about a single country's institutions, elections, or political behavior. You may be asked to describe how a specific institution works (China's NPC, Iran's Majles, Nigeria's 25% rule), explain a political outcome, or apply a concept like federalism or rule of law to a specific case. Reviewing each country's topic guide ensures you have the institutional detail these questions require.

## Final Review Checklist

- **Identify each country's regime type**: You should be able to label each of the six countries as consolidated democracy, competitive authoritarian, theocratic authoritarian, one-party authoritarian, or democratizing republic, and give one institutional reason for that label.
- **Know each country's executive structure**: UK: parliamentary. Mexico and Nigeria: presidential. Russia: semi-presidential. China: party-controlled state council. Iran: dual authority with Supreme Leader above elected president. The exam frequently asks you to compare executive accountability across these structures.
- **Know each country's state structure**: Federal states: Mexico, Nigeria, Russia. Unitary states: UK (with devolution), China, Iran. Be ready to explain why federalism in Nigeria or Mexico looks different from federalism in Russia, where central authority dominates in practice.
- **Identify the two rentier states**: Iran and Nigeria both rely heavily on oil revenues. Know how rentier state economics reduces government accountability to citizens and connects to the resource curse in Nigeria's case.
- **Know the key transition stories**: Mexico transitioned from PRI single-party rule through electoral reform. Nigeria transitioned from military rule in 1999. Iran transitioned from the Shah's dictatorship to theocracy in 1979. Russia transitioned from Soviet communism to competitive authoritarianism. These transitions appear in FRQ 3 prompts.
- **Practice cross-country comparisons**: Use the comparison tables in each country topic guide to drill pairings the exam favors: UK vs. Russia (democracy vs. competitive authoritarianism), Mexico vs. Nigeria (presidential federalism), Iran vs. China (authoritarian types), China vs. UK (rule by law vs. rule of law).
- **Review the topic guides for each country**: All six country topic guides are available. Each one covers institutions, elections, regime type, economic model, civil society, and key comparisons. Use them to fill gaps before the exam.

## Study Plan

- **Start with regime types across all six countries**: Before drilling individual countries, map all six onto the regime spectrum from consolidated democracy to one-party authoritarian. Use the comparison tables topic guide to see all six side by side. This gives you the framework that every other detail plugs into.
- **Study each country topic guide in pairs**: Study the UK and Russia together (democracy vs. competitive authoritarianism), then Mexico and Nigeria (democratizing presidential federal republics), then China and Iran (authoritarian types). Pairing forces you to notice differences rather than memorizing countries in isolation.
- **Drill the executive and legislative structures**: For each country, write down: who is head of state, who is head of government, how the executive is selected, and what limits the legislature. This is the most frequently tested structural content across both MCQs and FRQ 3.
- **Practice writing FRQ 3-style comparisons**: FRQ 3 asks you to compare two countries on a specific feature. After reviewing each country guide, write one paragraph comparing two countries on a single dimension (electoral system, executive accountability, federalism, civil liberties). Use specific institutional evidence, not general regime labels.
- **Use the score calculator to set a target**: After reviewing all six country guides and the comparison tables, use the AP score calculator to estimate where you stand and identify which country comparisons or institutional features need more attention before the exam.

## More Ways To Review

- [Topic study guides](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country#topics)
- [FRQ practice](/ap-comp-gov/frq-practice)
- [Cram archive videos](/cram-archives?subject=ap-comparative-government&unit=review-by-country)
- [Cheatsheets](/ap-comp-gov/cheatsheets/review-by-country)

## FAQs

### What's on the AP Comp Gov review-by-country progress check (MCQ and FRQ)?

The AP Comp Gov review-by-country progress check includes MCQ and FRQ parts that test your ability to compare political systems, institutions, and policies across the six course countries: China, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, and the United Kingdom. MCQs ask you to identify and contrast regime types, electoral systems, and civil liberties. FRQs typically ask you to compare two countries on a specific concept, like legislative structure or the role of political parties. Check [/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country) for practice aligned to these progress check topics.

### How do I practice AP Comp Gov review-by-country FRQs?

To practice AP Comp Gov review-by-country FRQs, focus on the comparison and argument essay question types, which ask you to analyze two of the six countries (China, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, UK) on topics like executive power, judicial independence, or civil society. Practice by writing out country-specific evidence for each concept, then connecting it to a broader political science claim. Strong FRQ answers name specific institutions, leaders, or policies, not just general descriptions. Visit [/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country) to find country-by-country breakdowns that map directly to FRQ prompts.

### Where can I find AP Comp Gov review-by-country practice questions?

You can find AP Comp Gov review-by-country MCQs and practice test questions at [/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country). That page organizes practice by country, so you can drill China, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, or the UK individually before tackling mixed comparison questions. For the best results, use MCQ practice to test recall of specific facts (like Iran's Guardian Council or Mexico's PRI history), then move to FRQ-style prompts to practice applying those facts in comparisons.

### How should I study AP Comp Gov review by country?

Study AP Comp Gov review by country by building a comparison chart for all six countries across the same set of categories: regime type, executive structure, legislative system, judicial independence, electoral system, and civil liberties. This makes it easy to spot contrasts on exam day. Start with the UK and Mexico as anchor cases since they represent parliamentary and presidential systems clearly, then layer in China, Russia, Iran, and Nigeria as variations. Review one country at a time, then quiz yourself by comparing two countries on a single concept. Use [/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country](/ap-comp-gov/review-by-country) to check your understanding country by country before doing full mixed practice.

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