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Unit 2 Overview: Ancient Mediterranean, 3500-300 BCE

6 min readjanuary 27, 2023

Laurie Accede

Laurie Accede

Charly Castillo

Charly Castillo

Laurie Accede

Laurie Accede

Charly Castillo

Charly Castillo

The ancient Mediterranean is home to some of the most renowned artworks and historical sites of all time, like the and the . The people of this area also developed new artistic techniques that are still used in modern artwork. So, buckle up because this unit is gonna be a fun dive into everything ancient Mediterranean!

🚨Reminder 🚨 Similar to the previous unit, since these works were made so long ago, we don't know exactly when each was created, so the dates below are approximations. Remember, you don't need to know the exact years for all the works on the AP Art History exam, just a general idea of when they were made and the artistic movement (or location for earlier ones)!

The Near East (3500 BCE–300 CE)

In the area surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers was a fertile river valley called (present-day Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and small parts of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon). This region was home to the world's first civilizations, marking a shift from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the rise of settlements. This region was composed of , which are cities that have their own governments and operate as independent states, and the society was stratified (organized into different social classes). In comparison to the previous communities in Unit 1, was less egalitarian (equal). The people of this region also practiced , a type of religion where followers believe in multiple gods. These two themes of class and religion are evident in a lot of the architecture and sculptures of this region.

Furthermore, the invention of writing marked the beginning of written history. , the first form of writing, was developed by Sumerian merchants in order to account for taxes. It was later used to write down laws and stories, helping art historians, develop more context about artwork, and further deepening our understanding of these forms.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-meYnC33kFfcY.png?alt=media&token=a7967ef0-ebe4-4fb1-b1bc-48ea04998dd4

Map of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and its surrounding areas. Image Courtesy of Wikipedia

Egypt (3000–30 BCE)

is one of the more commonly known civilizations in this unit. It began as a divided society, until King Narmer unified upper and lower , forming the Old Kingdom. Egyptian dynasties are divided into different kingdoms; the earlier dynasties are known as the Old Kingdom. After faced another period of internal feuds, it was then unified again, forming the . The subsequent kingdom was known as the New Kingdom, a period of magnificence and arguably the height of Egyptian Art. Within the New Kingdom was the Amarna Period, which marked a change in Egyptian artistic style as Pharaoh Akhenaton sought to transform the traditional polytheistic religion, into a monotheistic religion (only worshipping one god). Nevertheless, ancient Egyptian art is characterized by the use of , symbolism, and highly stylized figures. Hieroglyphics (ancient Egyptian writing system) decorate many works and provide more context about the artworks purpose, who is pictured, and what that person accomplished during their lives. Most of the artwork was used to convey religion, centering around the worship of the . Egyptian works of art generally depicted gods and , and there was a strong emphasis on the afterlife. This was exemplified by the pyramids, which were massive monuments built as tombs to ensure the prosperity and survival of the Pharaoh in the afterlife.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-QhVb8w6FH1QL.jpg?alt=media&token=fb162d52-f686-44f9-9e1d-bac9d7eb3403

Map of Egypt. Image Courtesy of https://timemaps.com/history/ancient-egypt-1500bc/

Greece (900–30 BCE)

Ancient was divided into , similar to that of civilizations in the Near East. It is known for its democracy, military power, and most notably, its art. Ancient Greek art is divided into four main periods: the , the , the , and the .

The Geometric period (900-700 BCE) is characterized by simple, geometric shapes on pottery. The (700-500 BCE) was the first period in Greek sculpture. It saw the emergence of more naturalistic forms in art, such as the (a statue of a standing male youth) and the (a statue of a standing female). Archaic sculptures are characterized by the . The (400-200 BCE) and (200-30 BCE) are both considered the height of ancient Greek art. During this time, Greek sculptors mastered the art of creating realistic human figures. They used a technique known was , which was invented by Greek mathematician and sculptor, , who displayed it in Doryphoros, or Spear Bearer. allowed these sculptures to appear natural and free-standing. Hellenistic sculptures differentiated from Classical sculptures because of their greater emotional expression.

Finally, within Greek architecture, there were three main forms: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Doric is the oldest Greek order. It is characterized by its simplicity. The next order, Ionic, is known for its decorative scrolls, and the Corinthian order is the most ornate of the three orders, detailed with .

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Fgreece-upb6KcEDuvaj.jpg?alt=media&token=9ec30c73-f2f9-4126-b9de-30edf8d3fdf0

Map of Greece. Image Courtesy of https://www.bte.org/theatreschool/study-guides/ancient-thunder/ancient-thunder-greek-geography.html

Etruria (900-270 BCE)

The Etruscans were predecessors to the Romans. Similar to the Greeks, is highly detailed. Their sculptures were primarily made from bronze and depicted human figures. Most of the art, such as the paintings made from (pigments/paint applied to wet plaster), were found in tombs. The most important detail related to this civilization is their influence on Roman art.

Rome (750 BCE -350 CE)

Ancient was a powerful civilization that existed in Italy and other parts of Europe. has had a significant impact on the development of Western civilization, and the former cultural center of Europe, has a rich art history.

Roman art was greatly influenced by the other civilizations. For instance, similar to the Greeks, the Romans were known for their sculptures that depicted gods, emperors, and other important figures. These sculptures also contained elements of realism, except the Romans developed a specific technique known as veristic sculptures, which included an incredible amount of detail, even to the smallest wrinkle (see head of Roman patrician). Influenced by the , the Romans made paintings, which decorated private homes and buildings. The Romans were also known for their , which are pieces of glass put together to form art. Lastly, ancient saw great engineering projects that lead to impressive architectural achievements. This included innovations in technology, such as the invention of and (channels connected cities and assisted with the movement of water).

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-A29Y2bgoFK4N.jpg?alt=media&token=f6125a26-3f57-4dab-86d6-c4939140df8a

Roman Emperor Augustus of Primaporta. Image Courtesy of https://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/ancient-roman-art/ .

And that's it for Unit 2. Hopefully, this guide will come in handy as you go through the AP Art History course. Happy studying, art historians! 🎉

Key Terms to Review (34)

Acanthus leaves

: Acanthus leaves are stylized leaf motifs commonly used in architectural ornamentation, particularly on capitals of Corinthian columns. They are characterized by their deeply cut lobes resembling large thistle leaves.

Aqueducts

: Aqueducts are man-made channels or structures used in ancient civilizations to transport water from one place to another. They were essential for supplying cities with fresh water for drinking, bathing, and irrigation.

Archaic period

: The Archaic period refers to a phase in ancient Greek art (600-480 BCE) characterized by stylized figures with Egyptian-inspired frontal poses and smile-like expressions.

Archaic smile

: The archaic smile refers to the slight smile seen on the faces of many sculptures from the Archaic period in ancient Greece. It was believed to represent the idealized state of being alive rather than showing genuine emotion.

City-states

: City-states were independent, self-governing cities and their surrounding territories that functioned as individual political units in ancient civilizations. They had their own governments, laws, and economies.

Classical Period

: The Classical Period refers to the time in ancient Greek art from around 480 BCE to 323 BCE, characterized by a focus on idealized human forms, balance, and harmony. It is known for its emphasis on naturalism and the celebration of the human body.

Colosseum

: The Colosseum is an amphitheater located in Rome, Italy. It was built during the Roman Empire and used for gladiatorial contests, public spectacles, and other events.

Concrete

: Concrete is a building material made from a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates such as sand or gravel. It hardens over time to create a strong and durable structure.

Contrapposto

: Contrapposto is an Italian term used in sculpture to describe when the weight of the body is shifted onto one leg while the other leg remains relaxed. This creates a naturalistic pose with a subtle S-shaped curve.

Corinthian column

: A Corinthian column is a type of architectural column known for its ornate capital adorned with acanthus leaves. It originated in ancient Greece but became popular during the Roman Empire.

Cuneiform

: Cuneiform was one of the earliest known writing systems developed by ancient Mesopotamians using wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. It allowed for record keeping, communication, and literature.

Doric column

: The Doric column is one of the three main orders (styles) of classical Greek architecture. It features a simple, sturdy design with a plain capital (top) and no base.

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

: Doryphoros is a famous ancient Greek statue created by Polykleitos. It depicts a standing male figure holding a spear and exemplifies the artist's pursuit of perfect proportion and balance.

Egypt

: Egypt refers to an ancient civilization located in northeastern Africa, known for its rich history, advanced culture, and monumental architecture such as the pyramids.

Etruria

: Etruria refers to the ancient region in central Italy where the Etruscan civilization thrived. It was known for its advanced culture, sophisticated cities, and distinctive art style.

Etruscan Art

: Etruscan art refers to the visual arts produced by the ancient civilization of the Etruscans. It encompassed various forms such as sculpture, pottery, metalwork, and painting.

Fresco

: Fresco is a painting technique where pigments are applied onto wet plaster, allowing the colors to become embedded in the wall as it dries. It creates a durable and long-lasting artwork.

Geometric period

: The Geometric period refers to a phase in ancient Greek art (900-700 BCE) characterized by abstract geometric patterns and motifs.

Greece

: Greece refers to a civilization that existed in ancient times, known for its significant contributions to art, philosophy, and democracy.

Hellenistic Period

: The Hellenistic Period refers to the time after Alexander the Great's conquests (323 BCE - 31 BCE), when Greek culture spread throughout his empire. Artworks from this period often depicted dramatic emotions, dynamic poses, and realistic details.

Hieroglyphs

: Hieroglyphs are a system of writing used by ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, where symbols or pictures represent words or sounds. They were often carved into stone or written on papyrus.

Ionic column

: An Ionic column is a type of architectural column characterized by its scroll-shaped capital and fluted shaft. It originated in ancient Greece and was later adopted by the Romans.

Kore

: A kore is a type of ancient Greek sculpture depicting a young woman, usually standing and clothed. They were often used as votive offerings in temples.

Kouros

: A kouros is a type of freestanding sculpture representing a nude male youth in ancient Greek art. These sculptures were typically used as grave markers or dedicatory offerings and were characterized by their idealized proportions and rigid poses.

Mesopotamia

: Mesopotamia was an ancient region located in the eastern Mediterranean, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It is often referred to as the "cradle of civilization" due to its significant contributions to human development.

Middle Kingdom

: The Middle Kingdom refers to a period in ancient Egyptian history (around 2055-1650 BCE) characterized by political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements. It followed the chaotic First Intermediate Period and preceded the Second Intermediate Period.

Mosaics

: Mosaics are artworks made by arranging small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials into patterns or images. They were commonly used in ancient times as decorative elements on floors and walls.

Pantheon of gods

: The pantheon of gods refers to the collective group of deities worshipped by a particular culture or religion.

Pharaohs

: Pharaohs were the rulers or kings of ancient Egypt. They held immense political and religious power, often considered divine or semi-divine.

Polykleitos

: Polykleitos was an ancient Greek sculptor who developed a set of rules known as the Canon, which aimed to create idealized human proportions in sculpture. His works were characterized by balanced and harmonious compositions.

Polytheism

: Polytheism is the belief in or worship of multiple gods or deities. It was a common religious practice in many ancient civilizations.

Pyramids of Giza

: The Pyramids of Giza are ancient structures located in Egypt, built as tombs for pharaohs during the Old Kingdom period. They are known for their massive size and precise construction.

Rome

: Rome refers to the ancient city and capital of Italy, known for its rich history, art, and architecture. It was the center of the Roman Empire and played a significant role in shaping Western civilization.

Veristic sculptures

: Veristic sculptures are realistic portraits created during the Roman Republic period (circa 509–27 BCE). They depict individuals with exaggerated facial features such as wrinkles, sagging skin, and other signs of aging or physical characteristics.

Unit 2 Overview: Ancient Mediterranean, 3500-300 BCE

6 min readjanuary 27, 2023

Laurie Accede

Laurie Accede

Charly Castillo

Charly Castillo

Laurie Accede

Laurie Accede

Charly Castillo

Charly Castillo

The ancient Mediterranean is home to some of the most renowned artworks and historical sites of all time, like the and the . The people of this area also developed new artistic techniques that are still used in modern artwork. So, buckle up because this unit is gonna be a fun dive into everything ancient Mediterranean!

🚨Reminder 🚨 Similar to the previous unit, since these works were made so long ago, we don't know exactly when each was created, so the dates below are approximations. Remember, you don't need to know the exact years for all the works on the AP Art History exam, just a general idea of when they were made and the artistic movement (or location for earlier ones)!

The Near East (3500 BCE–300 CE)

In the area surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers was a fertile river valley called (present-day Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and small parts of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon). This region was home to the world's first civilizations, marking a shift from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the rise of settlements. This region was composed of , which are cities that have their own governments and operate as independent states, and the society was stratified (organized into different social classes). In comparison to the previous communities in Unit 1, was less egalitarian (equal). The people of this region also practiced , a type of religion where followers believe in multiple gods. These two themes of class and religion are evident in a lot of the architecture and sculptures of this region.

Furthermore, the invention of writing marked the beginning of written history. , the first form of writing, was developed by Sumerian merchants in order to account for taxes. It was later used to write down laws and stories, helping art historians, develop more context about artwork, and further deepening our understanding of these forms.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-meYnC33kFfcY.png?alt=media&token=a7967ef0-ebe4-4fb1-b1bc-48ea04998dd4

Map of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and its surrounding areas. Image Courtesy of Wikipedia

Egypt (3000–30 BCE)

is one of the more commonly known civilizations in this unit. It began as a divided society, until King Narmer unified upper and lower , forming the Old Kingdom. Egyptian dynasties are divided into different kingdoms; the earlier dynasties are known as the Old Kingdom. After faced another period of internal feuds, it was then unified again, forming the . The subsequent kingdom was known as the New Kingdom, a period of magnificence and arguably the height of Egyptian Art. Within the New Kingdom was the Amarna Period, which marked a change in Egyptian artistic style as Pharaoh Akhenaton sought to transform the traditional polytheistic religion, into a monotheistic religion (only worshipping one god). Nevertheless, ancient Egyptian art is characterized by the use of , symbolism, and highly stylized figures. Hieroglyphics (ancient Egyptian writing system) decorate many works and provide more context about the artworks purpose, who is pictured, and what that person accomplished during their lives. Most of the artwork was used to convey religion, centering around the worship of the . Egyptian works of art generally depicted gods and , and there was a strong emphasis on the afterlife. This was exemplified by the pyramids, which were massive monuments built as tombs to ensure the prosperity and survival of the Pharaoh in the afterlife.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-QhVb8w6FH1QL.jpg?alt=media&token=fb162d52-f686-44f9-9e1d-bac9d7eb3403

Map of Egypt. Image Courtesy of https://timemaps.com/history/ancient-egypt-1500bc/

Greece (900–30 BCE)

Ancient was divided into , similar to that of civilizations in the Near East. It is known for its democracy, military power, and most notably, its art. Ancient Greek art is divided into four main periods: the , the , the , and the .

The Geometric period (900-700 BCE) is characterized by simple, geometric shapes on pottery. The (700-500 BCE) was the first period in Greek sculpture. It saw the emergence of more naturalistic forms in art, such as the (a statue of a standing male youth) and the (a statue of a standing female). Archaic sculptures are characterized by the . The (400-200 BCE) and (200-30 BCE) are both considered the height of ancient Greek art. During this time, Greek sculptors mastered the art of creating realistic human figures. They used a technique known was , which was invented by Greek mathematician and sculptor, , who displayed it in Doryphoros, or Spear Bearer. allowed these sculptures to appear natural and free-standing. Hellenistic sculptures differentiated from Classical sculptures because of their greater emotional expression.

Finally, within Greek architecture, there were three main forms: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Doric is the oldest Greek order. It is characterized by its simplicity. The next order, Ionic, is known for its decorative scrolls, and the Corinthian order is the most ornate of the three orders, detailed with .

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Fgreece-upb6KcEDuvaj.jpg?alt=media&token=9ec30c73-f2f9-4126-b9de-30edf8d3fdf0

Map of Greece. Image Courtesy of https://www.bte.org/theatreschool/study-guides/ancient-thunder/ancient-thunder-greek-geography.html

Etruria (900-270 BCE)

The Etruscans were predecessors to the Romans. Similar to the Greeks, is highly detailed. Their sculptures were primarily made from bronze and depicted human figures. Most of the art, such as the paintings made from (pigments/paint applied to wet plaster), were found in tombs. The most important detail related to this civilization is their influence on Roman art.

Rome (750 BCE -350 CE)

Ancient was a powerful civilization that existed in Italy and other parts of Europe. has had a significant impact on the development of Western civilization, and the former cultural center of Europe, has a rich art history.

Roman art was greatly influenced by the other civilizations. For instance, similar to the Greeks, the Romans were known for their sculptures that depicted gods, emperors, and other important figures. These sculptures also contained elements of realism, except the Romans developed a specific technique known as veristic sculptures, which included an incredible amount of detail, even to the smallest wrinkle (see head of Roman patrician). Influenced by the , the Romans made paintings, which decorated private homes and buildings. The Romans were also known for their , which are pieces of glass put together to form art. Lastly, ancient saw great engineering projects that lead to impressive architectural achievements. This included innovations in technology, such as the invention of and (channels connected cities and assisted with the movement of water).

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-A29Y2bgoFK4N.jpg?alt=media&token=f6125a26-3f57-4dab-86d6-c4939140df8a

Roman Emperor Augustus of Primaporta. Image Courtesy of https://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/ancient-roman-art/ .

And that's it for Unit 2. Hopefully, this guide will come in handy as you go through the AP Art History course. Happy studying, art historians! 🎉

Key Terms to Review (34)

Acanthus leaves

: Acanthus leaves are stylized leaf motifs commonly used in architectural ornamentation, particularly on capitals of Corinthian columns. They are characterized by their deeply cut lobes resembling large thistle leaves.

Aqueducts

: Aqueducts are man-made channels or structures used in ancient civilizations to transport water from one place to another. They were essential for supplying cities with fresh water for drinking, bathing, and irrigation.

Archaic period

: The Archaic period refers to a phase in ancient Greek art (600-480 BCE) characterized by stylized figures with Egyptian-inspired frontal poses and smile-like expressions.

Archaic smile

: The archaic smile refers to the slight smile seen on the faces of many sculptures from the Archaic period in ancient Greece. It was believed to represent the idealized state of being alive rather than showing genuine emotion.

City-states

: City-states were independent, self-governing cities and their surrounding territories that functioned as individual political units in ancient civilizations. They had their own governments, laws, and economies.

Classical Period

: The Classical Period refers to the time in ancient Greek art from around 480 BCE to 323 BCE, characterized by a focus on idealized human forms, balance, and harmony. It is known for its emphasis on naturalism and the celebration of the human body.

Colosseum

: The Colosseum is an amphitheater located in Rome, Italy. It was built during the Roman Empire and used for gladiatorial contests, public spectacles, and other events.

Concrete

: Concrete is a building material made from a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates such as sand or gravel. It hardens over time to create a strong and durable structure.

Contrapposto

: Contrapposto is an Italian term used in sculpture to describe when the weight of the body is shifted onto one leg while the other leg remains relaxed. This creates a naturalistic pose with a subtle S-shaped curve.

Corinthian column

: A Corinthian column is a type of architectural column known for its ornate capital adorned with acanthus leaves. It originated in ancient Greece but became popular during the Roman Empire.

Cuneiform

: Cuneiform was one of the earliest known writing systems developed by ancient Mesopotamians using wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. It allowed for record keeping, communication, and literature.

Doric column

: The Doric column is one of the three main orders (styles) of classical Greek architecture. It features a simple, sturdy design with a plain capital (top) and no base.

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

: Doryphoros is a famous ancient Greek statue created by Polykleitos. It depicts a standing male figure holding a spear and exemplifies the artist's pursuit of perfect proportion and balance.

Egypt

: Egypt refers to an ancient civilization located in northeastern Africa, known for its rich history, advanced culture, and monumental architecture such as the pyramids.

Etruria

: Etruria refers to the ancient region in central Italy where the Etruscan civilization thrived. It was known for its advanced culture, sophisticated cities, and distinctive art style.

Etruscan Art

: Etruscan art refers to the visual arts produced by the ancient civilization of the Etruscans. It encompassed various forms such as sculpture, pottery, metalwork, and painting.

Fresco

: Fresco is a painting technique where pigments are applied onto wet plaster, allowing the colors to become embedded in the wall as it dries. It creates a durable and long-lasting artwork.

Geometric period

: The Geometric period refers to a phase in ancient Greek art (900-700 BCE) characterized by abstract geometric patterns and motifs.

Greece

: Greece refers to a civilization that existed in ancient times, known for its significant contributions to art, philosophy, and democracy.

Hellenistic Period

: The Hellenistic Period refers to the time after Alexander the Great's conquests (323 BCE - 31 BCE), when Greek culture spread throughout his empire. Artworks from this period often depicted dramatic emotions, dynamic poses, and realistic details.

Hieroglyphs

: Hieroglyphs are a system of writing used by ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, where symbols or pictures represent words or sounds. They were often carved into stone or written on papyrus.

Ionic column

: An Ionic column is a type of architectural column characterized by its scroll-shaped capital and fluted shaft. It originated in ancient Greece and was later adopted by the Romans.

Kore

: A kore is a type of ancient Greek sculpture depicting a young woman, usually standing and clothed. They were often used as votive offerings in temples.

Kouros

: A kouros is a type of freestanding sculpture representing a nude male youth in ancient Greek art. These sculptures were typically used as grave markers or dedicatory offerings and were characterized by their idealized proportions and rigid poses.

Mesopotamia

: Mesopotamia was an ancient region located in the eastern Mediterranean, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It is often referred to as the "cradle of civilization" due to its significant contributions to human development.

Middle Kingdom

: The Middle Kingdom refers to a period in ancient Egyptian history (around 2055-1650 BCE) characterized by political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements. It followed the chaotic First Intermediate Period and preceded the Second Intermediate Period.

Mosaics

: Mosaics are artworks made by arranging small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials into patterns or images. They were commonly used in ancient times as decorative elements on floors and walls.

Pantheon of gods

: The pantheon of gods refers to the collective group of deities worshipped by a particular culture or religion.

Pharaohs

: Pharaohs were the rulers or kings of ancient Egypt. They held immense political and religious power, often considered divine or semi-divine.

Polykleitos

: Polykleitos was an ancient Greek sculptor who developed a set of rules known as the Canon, which aimed to create idealized human proportions in sculpture. His works were characterized by balanced and harmonious compositions.

Polytheism

: Polytheism is the belief in or worship of multiple gods or deities. It was a common religious practice in many ancient civilizations.

Pyramids of Giza

: The Pyramids of Giza are ancient structures located in Egypt, built as tombs for pharaohs during the Old Kingdom period. They are known for their massive size and precise construction.

Rome

: Rome refers to the ancient city and capital of Italy, known for its rich history, art, and architecture. It was the center of the Roman Empire and played a significant role in shaping Western civilization.

Veristic sculptures

: Veristic sculptures are realistic portraits created during the Roman Republic period (circa 509–27 BCE). They depict individuals with exaggerated facial features such as wrinkles, sagging skin, and other signs of aging or physical characteristics.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.