American Society

🍔American Society Unit 4 – Political Systems and Processes

The American political system is a complex web of institutions, processes, and ideologies. It's built on principles like democracy, federalism, and the separation of powers, which shape how government functions at federal, state, and local levels. From the founding of the nation to modern-day challenges, the U.S. political landscape has evolved. Key issues include the two-party system, election processes, policy-making, and current debates on topics like polarization, campaign finance, and electoral reform.

Key Concepts and Definitions

  • Democracy: A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise their authority directly or through elected representatives
  • Republic: A form of government in which the people elect representatives to govern on their behalf and uphold the rule of law
  • Federalism: A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority (federal government) and constituent political units (states)
  • Separation of Powers: The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another
  • Checks and Balances: A system in which each branch of government has the power to limit or check the actions of the other branches, maintaining a balance of power
  • Constitutionalism: The idea that government authority is derived from and limited by a body of fundamental law (the Constitution)
  • Rule of Law: The principle that all people and institutions, including the government itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated
  • Pluralism: The theory that political power is distributed among a variety of groups and interests, preventing any single group from dominating the political process

Historical Context

  • Colonial Period: The 13 colonies were established under British rule, each with its own local government and representative assembly
  • American Revolution: Colonists revolted against British rule due to grievances such as taxation without representation, culminating in the Declaration of Independence (1776)
  • Articles of Confederation: The first governing document of the United States (1777-1789), which created a weak central government and granted most power to the states
  • Constitutional Convention: Delegates met in Philadelphia (1787) to revise the Articles of Confederation, ultimately drafting the U.S. Constitution
  • Ratification: The Constitution was ratified by nine out of thirteen states (1788), officially establishing the federal government
  • Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect individual rights and limit government power
  • Civil War and Reconstruction: The war between the Union and the Confederacy (1861-1865) led to the abolition of slavery and the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which expanded civil rights and federal power
  • Progressive Era: A period of social activism and political reform (1890s-1920s) that led to the expansion of democracy and government regulation of the economy

Types of Political Systems

  • Autocracy: A system of government in which a single person or party holds absolute power, without democratic representation or accountability
  • Oligarchy: A form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group, often based on wealth, military power, or social status
  • Theocracy: A system of government in which religious authorities rule in the name of a deity or divine laws
  • Monarchy: A form of government in which a single person (a monarch) holds hereditary or lifetime rule, often with limited or no democratic representation
  • Dictatorship: A form of government in which a single person or party holds absolute power, often through force or suppression of opposition
  • Totalitarianism: A system of government that seeks to subordinate all aspects of society to the authority of the state, often through surveillance, repression, and control of information
  • Authoritarianism: A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms, often with a single leader or party in control
  • Anarchy: The absence of government or a state of disorder due to lack of governmental control

Structure of the US Government

  • Legislative Branch: Consists of the bicameral Congress (House of Representatives and Senate), responsible for creating laws
    • House of Representatives: 435 members apportioned by state population, elected every two years
    • Senate: 100 members (two per state), elected every six years
  • Executive Branch: Headed by the President, responsible for enforcing laws and conducting foreign policy
    • President: Elected every four years, limited to two terms
    • Vice President: Elected with the President, assumes the presidency if the President is unable to serve
    • Cabinet: Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, heads various executive departments
  • Judicial Branch: Consists of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring constitutionality
    • Supreme Court: Highest court in the nation, composed of nine justices appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, serving lifetime terms
  • State Governments: Each state has its own constitution, government, and laws, which operate in conjunction with the federal government under the principle of federalism
    • Governors: Serve as the chief executive of each state, elected by popular vote
    • State Legislatures: Bicameral (except Nebraska), responsible for creating state laws

Political Parties and Ideologies

  • Two-Party System: The United States has been dominated by two major political parties throughout most of its history
    • Democratic Party: Generally associated with liberal or progressive policies, emphasizing social welfare, government regulation, and civil rights
    • Republican Party: Generally associated with conservative policies, emphasizing limited government, free markets, and traditional values
  • Third Parties: Smaller political parties that rarely win major elections but can influence the political landscape (Green Party, Libertarian Party)
  • Liberalism: An ideology that emphasizes individual rights, civil liberties, and the free market, with support for government intervention to promote equality and social welfare
  • Conservatism: An ideology that emphasizes traditional values, limited government, and free market capitalism, with skepticism toward rapid social change and government intervention
  • Socialism: An ideology that advocates for collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods, often with a strong role for the government in managing the economy and promoting social welfare
  • Libertarianism: An ideology that emphasizes individual liberty and limited government, advocating for free markets and minimal government intervention in personal and economic affairs

Election Process and Voting

  • Presidential Elections: Held every four years, with the President and Vice President elected through the Electoral College system
    • Primary Elections: Held by each party to determine their nominee for President
    • General Election: The final election between the nominees of each party, with the winner determined by the Electoral College
  • Congressional Elections: Held every two years for all House seats and one-third of Senate seats
    • Midterm Elections: Congressional elections held in the middle of a President's four-year term
  • State and Local Elections: Vary by state and locality, often including races for governors, state legislators, mayors, and other officials
  • Voting Rights: Guaranteed by the Constitution and expanded through amendments and legislation (15th, 19th, 24th, and 26th Amendments; Voting Rights Act of 1965)
    • Voter Registration: Required in most states, with varying deadlines and procedures
    • Voter Suppression: Efforts to limit or discourage voting, often disproportionately affecting minority and low-income communities (literacy tests, poll taxes, voter ID laws)
  • Electoral College: The system used to elect the President and Vice President, in which each state is allocated a number of electors based on its representation in Congress
    • Winner-Take-All: Most states award all of their electoral votes to the candidate who wins the popular vote in that state
    • Criticisms: The Electoral College can result in a candidate winning the presidency without winning the national popular vote (2000, 2016)

Policy-Making and Implementation

  • Legislative Process: The process by which a bill becomes a law
    • Bill Introduction: A bill is introduced in either the House or the Senate
    • Committee Action: The bill is referred to a committee for review, hearings, and amendments
    • Floor Action: The bill is debated and voted on in the full House or Senate
    • Conference Committee: If the House and Senate pass different versions of the bill, a conference committee is formed to reconcile the differences
    • Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law or veto it (which can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both chambers)
  • Executive Orders: Directives issued by the President that have the force of law, often used to implement policies or regulations without Congressional approval
  • Judicial Review: The power of the courts to review and invalidate laws or executive actions that are deemed unconstitutional
  • Regulatory Agencies: Government bodies that oversee and enforce regulations in specific areas (Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Communications Commission)
  • Federalism in Policy-Making: The division of power between the federal and state governments can lead to conflicts and variations in policy implementation across states
    • Unfunded Mandates: Federal requirements for states to implement policies without providing adequate funding

Current Issues and Debates

  • Polarization: The increasing ideological divide between the Democratic and Republican parties, leading to gridlock and dysfunction in government
  • Money in Politics: The influence of campaign contributions, lobbying, and special interests on the political process
    • Citizens United v. FEC (2010): A Supreme Court decision that lifted restrictions on political spending by corporations and unions
  • Gerrymandering: The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one party or group over another
  • Voter Suppression: Ongoing concerns about efforts to limit or discourage voting, particularly among minority and low-income communities
  • Electoral Reform: Debates over changes to the electoral system, such as abolishing the Electoral College, implementing ranked-choice voting, or establishing independent redistricting commissions
  • Immigration: Controversies over border security, illegal immigration, and the treatment of undocumented immigrants (DACA, family separations)
  • Healthcare: Ongoing debates over the role of government in providing healthcare, the future of the Affordable Care Act, and proposals for universal coverage
  • Climate Change: Disagreements over the existence, causes, and appropriate responses to climate change, including debates over environmental regulations and renewable energy policies


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.