12.3 Cinema's Influence on American Culture and Society
5 min read•july 30, 2024
Early American cinema wielded immense power in shaping public opinion and societal values. Through compelling stories and characters, films reinforced traditional , perpetuated , and promoted the , influencing how people viewed success and social norms.
Movies reached vast audiences, spreading ideas and beliefs to the masses. Despite censorship efforts like the Hays Code, which aimed to control content and maintain moral standards, filmmakers found subtle ways to challenge societal norms and provoke thought on sensitive subjects.
Early Cinema's Influence on Society
Shaping Public Opinion and Values
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- Early American cinema significantly influenced public opinion and societal values by presenting resonant stories, characters, and themes reflecting the zeitgeist of the time
- Films reinforced traditional gender roles portraying men as strong, dominant figures () and women as submissive, nurturing characters () perpetuating and normalizing these societal expectations
- Racial stereotypes and prejudices frequently depicted in early American films contributed to the maintenance of a discriminatory and segregated society ()
- Many early films promoted the concept of the "American Dream" emphasizing individualism, upward mobility, and the rewards of hard work (Horatio Alger stories) shaping public perceptions of success and achievement
Disseminating Ideas to the Masses
- Cinema's ability to reach a wide audience allowed it to disseminate ideas, values, and beliefs to the masses influencing public discourse and opinion on various social issues
- Censorship and industry self-regulation, such as the Hays Code, aimed to control film content and maintain a certain moral standard shaping the values and norms presented to the public
- The Hays Code prohibited the explicit portrayal of controversial topics (drug use, miscegenation) limiting cinema's ability to fully address social issues
- Despite censorship, films still managed to subtly challenge societal norms and provoke thought on sensitive subjects through and (screwball comedies subverting traditional gender roles)
Film Content and Cultural Context
Reflecting Societal Issues and Events
- Early American cinema often reflected the cultural, political, and social climate of the time serving as a mirror of societal attitudes, concerns, and aspirations
- During the , many films featured themes of economic hardship, social inequality, and the struggle for survival resonating with audiences experiencing similar challenges ()
- significantly impacted film content with movies promoting patriotism, unity, and the war effort while addressing the sacrifices and challenges faced by soldiers and civilians (, )
- The era saw films exploring themes of paranoia, conformity, and the threat of communism reflecting the political tensions and anxieties of the time (, )
Addressing Social Issues within Constraints
- Social issues such as racism, gender inequality, and class divisions were occasionally addressed in films, although often in a limited or subtextual manner due to the constraints of censorship and societal norms
- Films like and dealt with racial passing and the "tragic mulatto" trope, providing some visibility to African American experiences while still adhering to stereotypes
- The post-war economic boom and the rise of consumerism influenced the depiction of affluence, materialism, and the pursuit of the "American Dream" in many 1950s films (, )
- Some filmmakers pushed boundaries by addressing controversial subjects through metaphor and subtext ('s melodramas critiquing societal constraints on women and minorities)
Cinema's Impact on American Culture
Influencing Fashion and Beauty Standards
- Early American cinema profoundly influenced fashion trends with audiences often emulating the styles and looks of their favorite movie stars
- Iconic film characters and their associated costumes became cultural touchstones influencing fashion choices for generations (Chaplin's "Tramp," 's little black dress in Breakfast at Tiffany's)
- The glamour and sophistication portrayed in Hollywood films set new standards for beauty, style, and elegance shaping public perceptions and aspirations (, )
- Makeup and hairstyles popularized by movie stars were widely imitated by women seeking to emulate their screen idols ('s cupid's bow lips, 's peek-a-boo hairstyle)
Shaping Language and Popular Culture
- Movies introduced new slang, catchphrases, and idiomatic expressions into the American lexicon which were often adopted and popularized by audiences ("Here's looking at you, kid," "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn")
- Memorable quotes and dialogue from films became part of the cultural vernacular used in everyday conversations and referenced in other media ("I coulda been a contender," "There's no place like home")
- Cinema's influence on popular culture extended to music with many films featuring hit songs or soundtracks that became bestsellers and radio staples (, )
- Movie tie-in merchandise, such as toys, books, and games, further extended cinema's reach and impact on American consumer culture (Mickey Mouse watches, Shirley Temple dolls)
Early Films as Social Commentary
Addressing Issues and Advocating Change
- Despite limitations imposed by censorship and societal norms, some early American films managed to address social issues and advocate for change, often in subtle or allegorical ways
- The Grapes of Wrath (1940) and Native Land (1942) dealt with themes of economic inequality, labor rights, and social justice exposing audiences to these issues and encouraging public discourse
- Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and Pinky (1949) tackled antisemitism and racial passing, respectively, challenging prejudices and promoting tolerance
- Filmmakers like and used their films to critique societal ills, political corruption, and the excesses of capitalism planting the seeds for social awareness and change (, )
Subversive Potential of Genre Films
- The representation of marginalized groups, such as African Americans, in films like Imitation of Life (1934) and Carmen Jones (1954), while often stereotypical, provided visibility and sparked conversations about racial inequality
- The subversive potential of and other genres allowed filmmakers to explore taboo subjects, question authority, and challenge the status quo even within the constraints of the studio system and censorship
- Noir films often featured morally ambiguous characters, corrupt institutions, and a critique of the American Dream subverting traditional Hollywood narratives (Double Indemnity, )
- Science fiction and horror films could serve as allegorical commentaries on sociopolitical issues like the Red Scare, nuclear anxieties, and conformity (Invasion of the Body Snatchers, )
Key Terms to Review (35)
Allegory: Allegory is a narrative technique in which characters, events, and details symbolize deeper meanings and abstract concepts, often conveying moral, political, or social messages. This storytelling form invites viewers to look beyond the surface narrative and explore the underlying themes that relate to the human experience, morality, and societal issues.
American Dream: The American Dream is the national ethos of the United States, centered around the idea that anyone, regardless of their background, can achieve success and upward social mobility through hard work and determination. This concept plays a significant role in shaping narratives in film, often reflecting both aspirations and the realities of American life.
Audrey Hepburn: Audrey Hepburn was a British actress and humanitarian, renowned for her film roles during Hollywood's Golden Age and her iconic status in popular culture. She became a symbol of grace and elegance, influencing fashion and beauty standards in America and beyond, while also using her fame to advocate for humanitarian causes.
Birth of a Nation: Birth of a Nation is a landmark 1915 silent film directed by D.W. Griffith, notable for its innovative narrative techniques and cinematography. It is often credited with establishing the feature-length film format, showcasing advanced storytelling methods and technical prowess in cinema. However, the film is also infamous for its racist portrayal of African Americans and glorification of the Ku Klux Klan, which sparked significant controversy and protests upon its release, highlighting the complex relationship between early cinema and societal attitudes.
Casablanca: Casablanca is a classic 1942 American film directed by Michael Curtiz, set against the backdrop of World War II in the city of Casablanca, Morocco. The film explores themes of love, sacrifice, and moral ambiguity, while highlighting the impact of the war on individuals caught in a web of espionage and conflict. As a product of its time, Casablanca reflects Hollywood's response to WWII and its broader cultural implications during an era of uncertainty.
Charlie Chaplin: Charlie Chaplin was a pioneering actor, director, and composer in the early days of cinema, known for his iconic character, the Tramp. His unique blend of comedy and social commentary transformed silent films and solidified his status as one of the most influential figures in film history.
Clara Bow: Clara Bow was a famous American actress who became a leading figure in the silent film era and was dubbed the 'It Girl' due to her charismatic performances and vibrant personality. Her roles often showcased her as the quintessential flapper, embodying the spirit of the 1920s with her carefree attitude and sexual liberation, thus influencing the cultural landscape of American society during that time.
Clark Gable: Clark Gable was a prominent American actor and leading man during Hollywood's Golden Age, best known for his roles in classic films such as 'Gone with the Wind' and 'It Happened One Night'. His charisma and rugged good looks made him a cultural icon and a symbol of masculinity in American cinema, particularly during the 1930s and 1940s.
Cold War: The Cold War was a period of political tension and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, lasting roughly from the end of World War II in 1945 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. This conflict was marked by ideological differences, nuclear arms races, and proxy wars, shaping international relations and domestic policies, including cultural expression in film.
Douglas Sirk: Douglas Sirk was a German-American filmmaker known for his work in the melodrama genre during the 1950s, particularly with films produced by Universal Pictures. His unique visual style and ability to tackle complex social issues through seemingly simple narratives helped to redefine the genre and influence future filmmakers. Sirk's films often explored themes of identity, class, and societal norms, making them both popular with audiences and subjects of critical analysis.
Film noir: Film noir is a cinematic style characterized by its dark themes, moral ambiguity, and visual aesthetics that often include low-key lighting and unusual camera angles. This genre reflects the disillusionment of post-World War II America and presents complex characters navigating a corrupt world, connecting to broader societal issues and cultural changes.
Frank Capra: Frank Capra was a prominent American film director and producer, known for his influential work during the 1930s and 1940s, particularly in the realm of feel-good films that emphasized optimism and the American spirit. His films often depicted the triumph of the individual against larger societal forces, making him a significant figure in both Hollywood's Golden Age and the impact of WWII on cinema.
Gender roles: Gender roles refer to the societal expectations and norms that dictate how individuals should behave, think, and feel based on their gender. These roles are deeply ingrained in culture and influence various aspects of life, including family structure, career choices, and personal relationships, often reflecting broader themes of power dynamics and societal change.
Great Depression: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 until the late 1930s, profoundly impacting various aspects of life, including the film industry. This era created an environment of economic struggle that shaped the themes and styles of films, leading to significant changes in storytelling, character development, and audience expectations.
Greta Garbo: Greta Garbo was a Swedish-American actress who became one of the most iconic and influential stars of early Hollywood cinema, particularly known for her roles in silent films and early talkies. She captivated audiences with her enigmatic persona, beauty, and powerful performances, which contributed to the evolving nature of female roles in film and reflected broader societal changes in the 1920s and 1930s.
High Noon: 'High Noon' is a 1952 Western film directed by Fred Zinnemann, renowned for its portrayal of moral dilemmas and the struggle between individual duty and community loyalty. The film's themes resonate deeply within the Western genre, reflecting American values of courage, integrity, and the personal responsibility that defines the frontier spirit while also serving as a commentary on postwar society and its anxieties about conformity and fear of standing alone against evil.
Imitation of Life: Imitation of Life is a film that explores themes of race, identity, and societal norms through the lens of personal relationships and social dynamics. It reflects the struggles of African American women navigating a predominantly white society while highlighting the impact of racial discrimination and the quest for acceptance. The film serves as a critical commentary on American culture, particularly in its representation of race and the changing social values of the 1950s.
Invasion of the Body Snatchers: Invasion of the Body Snatchers is a 1956 science fiction film that serves as a metaphor for societal fears during the Cold War, particularly the anxieties around conformity, loss of individuality, and the perceived threat of communism. The film's narrative revolves around extraterrestrial pods that replicate humans, reflecting deep concerns about identity and the erosion of personal freedom in postwar America.
Marlene Dietrich: Marlene Dietrich was a German-American actress and singer who became one of the most iconic stars of Hollywood's Golden Age. Known for her androgynous persona and glamorous style, she significantly influenced the film industry and popular culture, particularly through her roles in films like 'The Blue Angel' and 'Morocco'. Dietrich's unique presence challenged traditional gender norms and made her a symbol of liberation during a transformative era in cinema.
Mary Pickford: Mary Pickford was a Canadian-American actress and producer, widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in early Hollywood and a key player in establishing the star system. Known as 'America's Sweetheart,' she became one of the first major film stars, helping to shape the industry’s perception of stardom and influencing female representation in cinema.
Modern times: Modern Times is a classic 1936 silent film directed by Charlie Chaplin that satirizes the impact of industrialization and modernity on society. The film highlights the struggles of the individual in the face of overwhelming mechanization and economic hardship, reflecting the anxieties of a society transitioning into the modern age.
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington is a 1939 political drama directed by Frank Capra that tells the story of an idealistic young senator who fights against corruption in the U.S. Senate. This film is significant as it reflects themes of American democracy, the importance of civic engagement, and the struggle between integrity and political machinations, showcasing cinema's power to influence public opinion and shape societal values.
Mrs. Miniver: Mrs. Miniver is a 1942 British-American film directed by William Wyler that tells the story of a middle-class British family during World War II, focusing on the impact of the war on their lives. The film serves as a cultural artifact that reflects the values of unity, resilience, and sacrifice during a time of crisis, influencing American perceptions of the war and bolstering support for the Allied effort.
Pinky: In the context of American cinema, 'pinky' refers to themes of race and identity as embodied in various film narratives, particularly those that deal with social issues and the complexities of racial relationships. It often symbolizes the duality of identity, especially in films from the postwar era that highlight societal changes and the struggle for racial equality.
Racial stereotypes: Racial stereotypes are oversimplified and generalized beliefs about individuals based on their race, often portraying them in a fixed and negative light. These stereotypes shape societal perceptions, influencing behaviors and attitudes towards different racial groups, and are often perpetuated through various forms of media, particularly film. In American cinema, racial stereotypes have played a crucial role in reflecting and shaping cultural attitudes, contributing to the formation of societal norms and expectations regarding race.
Rebel Without a Cause: Rebel Without a Cause is a 1955 film that encapsulates the struggles of disaffected youth in postwar America, highlighting themes of teenage angst, identity crisis, and familial conflict. This film played a crucial role in shaping cultural discussions about juvenile delinquency and the pressures faced by young people in a rapidly changing society.
Singin' in the rain: 'Singin' in the Rain' is a classic 1952 American musical film that showcases the transition from silent films to talkies in Hollywood. The film is celebrated for its iconic song-and-dance sequences, vibrant characters, and its commentary on the challenges and innovations of the film industry during this transformative era. It represents both the artistic potential of musicals and their cultural significance in reflecting societal changes.
Subtext: Subtext refers to the underlying meaning or implicit messages that exist beneath the surface of dialogue, actions, and visuals in a film or story. It often conveys emotions, themes, or character motivations that are not explicitly stated, allowing for deeper engagement and interpretation by the audience. This richness of meaning can reflect societal issues, cultural dynamics, and personal relationships, thus enhancing the viewer's experience.
The Big Heat: The Big Heat is a 1953 film directed by Fritz Lang that is often regarded as a quintessential example of film noir, blending elements of crime, vengeance, and moral ambiguity. The film showcases the impact of personal loss and corruption on the protagonist, reflecting the darker themes prevalent in film noir while also being influenced by German Expressionism, known for its stark visuals and psychological depth.
The Grapes of Wrath: The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck published in 1939, which tells the story of the Joad family as they migrate from Oklahoma to California during the Great Depression, seeking a better life. This narrative not only reflects the struggles of impoverished families during this era but also highlights themes of social injustice and resilience. The novel's impact extended to cinema, influencing film adaptations that depicted the harsh realities of the time and resonated with audiences, fostering empathy and social awareness.
The man in the gray flannel suit: The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit is a novel by Sloan Wilson published in 1955, which was later adapted into a film in 1956. This term symbolizes the struggle of the post-World War II American man, caught between corporate conformity and personal aspirations, reflecting the broader themes of disillusionment and identity crisis in the rapidly changing American society of the 1950s.
The Wizard of Oz: The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film based on L. Frank Baum's novel, notable for its use of Technicolor and its iconic musical numbers. This film marks a significant milestone in the evolution of Hollywood musicals, showcasing advancements in technology, storytelling, and production that influenced future films in the genre.
Them!: 'them!' is a 1954 science fiction film that serves as an allegory for postwar fears and anxieties, particularly reflecting the societal changes and threats of the nuclear age. It portrays giant irradiated ants as a manifestation of the dangers posed by atomic experimentation, capturing both the literal and metaphorical consequences of humanity's scientific pursuits and their impact on society and culture.
Veronica Lake: Veronica Lake was an American film actress who became a prominent star during the 1940s, known for her distinctive beauty and iconic hairstyle that featured a peek-a-boo effect. Her sultry screen presence and performances in film noir classics not only solidified her status as a leading lady but also influenced the portrayal of women in cinema, reflecting changing societal attitudes toward femininity and gender roles during this era.
World War II: World War II was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945, involving the vast majority of the world's nations divided into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. This significant event had a profound impact on American cinema, shaping its themes, narratives, and cultural reflections during and after the war.