📊Advanced Financial Accounting Unit 2 – Business Combinations & Consolidations

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Business combination occurs when one entity obtains control over another entity's net assets or business operations
• Acquirer is the entity that obtains control of the acquiree in a business combination
• Acquiree is the business or entity whose net assets are acquired in a business combination
• Acquisition date is the date on which the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree
• Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date
• Goodwill is an intangible asset that represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired in a business combination
• Non-controlling interest (NCI) is the portion of equity ownership in a subsidiary not attributable to the parent company
• Consolidation is the process of combining the financial statements of a parent company and its subsidiaries, eliminating intercompany transactions and balances

Types of Business Combinations

• Statutory merger or consolidation involves the legal combination of two or more entities into a single surviving entity
  • Assets and liabilities of the merged entities are combined
  • Only the surviving entity continues to exist after the merger
• Acquisition occurs when one entity (acquirer) obtains control over another entity's (acquiree) net assets or business
  • Acquirer may obtain control through purchasing shares, assets, or a combination of both
  • Acquiree may continue to exist as a separate legal entity after the acquisition
• Reverse acquisition is a type of business combination where the legal acquiree is determined to be the accounting acquirer
  • Occurs when a private company acquires a public company to become publicly traded without going through an initial public offering (IPO) process
• Bargain purchase occurs when the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired exceeds the purchase price
  • Resulting gain is recognized in the acquirer's income statement
• Common control transactions involve entities under the control of the same parent company
  • Accounted for at historical cost, with no step-up in basis or goodwill recognized

Accounting Methods for Business Combinations

• Acquisition method is the primary method used for accounting for business combinations under both U.S. GAAP and IFRS
  • Requires the identification of an acquirer
  • Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at their fair values on the acquisition date
  • Goodwill is recognized as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired
• Pooling of interests method was previously allowed under U.S. GAAP but is no longer permitted
  • Involved combining the book values of assets and liabilities of the combining entities
  • No goodwill was recognized, and no fair value adjustments were made
• Fresh start accounting is used in certain circumstances, such as when an entity emerges from bankruptcy
  • All assets and liabilities are measured at their fair values
  • Goodwill is not recognized, and the entity is treated as a new reporting entity

Purchase Price Allocation

• Purchase price allocation (PPA) is the process of assigning the purchase price paid in a business combination to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on their fair values
• Identifiable assets acquired may include tangible assets (property, plant, and equipment) and intangible assets (trademarks, patents, customer relationships)
• Liabilities assumed can include accounts payable, debt, and contingent liabilities
• Excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recognized as goodwill
• Fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques
  • Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
  • Level 2 inputs are observable inputs other than Level 1 prices (quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, interest rates, yield curves)
  • Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs (company's own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use)

Goodwill and Impairment

• Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized
• Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment
• Impairment testing involves comparing the carrying amount of the reporting unit (including goodwill) to its fair value
  • If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess
• Impairment losses on goodwill cannot be reversed in subsequent periods
• Negative goodwill (bargain purchase gain) arises when the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired exceeds the purchase price
  • Recognized immediately as a gain in the acquirer's income statement

Consolidation Process and Techniques

• Consolidation involves combining the financial statements of a parent company and its subsidiaries
• Elimination entries are made to remove the effects of intercompany transactions and balances
  • Examples include intercompany sales, purchases, dividends, and loans
• Noncontrolling interest (NCI) represents the portion of equity ownership in a subsidiary not attributable to the parent company
  • Reported as a separate component of equity in the consolidated balance sheet
• Consolidation methods include full consolidation, proportionate consolidation, and the equity method
  • Full consolidation is used when the parent company has control over the subsidiary
  • Proportionate consolidation is used for joint ventures, combining the venturer's share of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses
  • Equity method is used for significant influence investments, recognizing the investor's share of the investee's net income or loss
• Consolidation worksheets are used to organize the consolidation process and determine the necessary elimination entries

Financial Statement Presentation

• Consolidated financial statements present the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of a parent company and its subsidiaries as a single economic entity
• Consolidated balance sheet combines the assets, liabilities, and equity of the parent and subsidiaries
  • Noncontrolling interest (NCI) is reported as a separate component of equity
• Consolidated income statement includes the revenues, expenses, and net income of the parent and subsidiaries
  • Net income is allocated between the parent company and the NCI
• Consolidated statement of cash flows presents the cash inflows and outflows of the consolidated entity
  • Intercompany cash flows are eliminated
• Notes to the consolidated financial statements provide additional information and disclosures
  • Includes information on business combinations, goodwill, noncontrolling interests, and related party transactions

Special Considerations and Complex Issues

• Step acquisitions occur when an investor obtains control of an investee through a series of purchases over time
  • Requires remeasurement of the previously held equity interest to fair value at the acquisition date
• Contingent consideration is an obligation of the acquirer to transfer additional assets or equity interests to the former owners of the acquiree if specified future events occur or conditions are met
  • Recognized at fair value on the acquisition date and remeasured at each reporting date
• Deferred taxes arise from differences between the tax bases and book values of assets and liabilities in a business combination
  • Recognized as deferred tax assets or liabilities in the purchase price allocation
• Pushdown accounting refers to the practice of using the acquirer's basis of accounting in the separate financial statements of the acquiree
  • Optional under U.S. GAAP, required under certain circumstances
• Reverse acquisitions occur when the legal acquiree is determined to be the accounting acquirer
  • Requires careful analysis of the transaction and appropriate accounting treatment
• Comparative financial statements and pro forma information may be required to provide a more meaningful comparison of the consolidated entity's performance over time