📊Advanced Financial Accounting Unit 10 – Earnings per Share & Segment Reporting

What's EPS & Why It Matters

• Earnings per share (EPS) represents the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock
• Serves as a key indicator of a company's profitability and is closely watched by investors and analysts
• Allows for comparison of earnings between different companies and industries, regardless of the number of shares outstanding
• Higher EPS generally indicates better financial health and can positively influence stock prices
• EPS is considered in valuation models (price-to-earnings ratio) to assess if a stock is overvalued or undervalued
• Helps stakeholders evaluate the company's past performance and future growth prospects
• EPS can be affected by changes in net income, number of outstanding shares, or both

Calculating Basic EPS

• Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period
  • Formula: $Basic EPS = \frac{Net Income - Preferred Dividends}{Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding}$
• Net income is adjusted by subtracting preferred dividends to determine the earnings available to common stockholders
• Weighted average common shares outstanding takes into account changes in the number of shares during the reporting period
  • Considers stock splits, stock dividends, share repurchases, and new share issuances
• Basic EPS assumes that no additional common shares will be issued that could potentially dilute the earnings per share
• Provides a straightforward measure of a company's profitability on a per-share basis
• Limitations include not considering the impact of dilutive securities (options, warrants, convertible bonds) on EPS

Diluted EPS: The Tricky Stuff

• Diluted EPS takes into account the potential dilution of earnings caused by the exercise of dilutive securities
  • Dilutive securities include stock options, warrants, convertible preferred stock, and convertible bonds
• Calculated by adjusting both the numerator (net income) and denominator (weighted average shares outstanding) for the effects of dilutive securities
  • Formula: $Diluted EPS = \frac{Net Income - Preferred Dividends + Impact of Dilutive Securities}{Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding + Dilutive Potential Common Shares}$
• Dilutive potential common shares are added to the denominator, representing the additional shares that would be issued if all dilutive securities were exercised or converted
• Diluted EPS is always equal to or lower than basic EPS, as it assumes the issuance of additional shares
• Provides a more conservative measure of a company's earnings per share, considering the potential dilution
• Calculation involves complex adjustments for the after-tax effects of dilutive securities on net income
• Helps investors assess the worst-case scenario for EPS if all dilutive securities were exercised or converted

EPS in Financial Statements

• EPS is reported on the income statement, typically at the bottom after net income
• Basic and diluted EPS are presented separately to provide a comprehensive view of the company's earnings
• Companies must disclose the components used in the calculation of EPS (net income, preferred dividends, weighted average shares outstanding)
• EPS is often presented for both the current period and comparative periods (previous year or quarter)
• Significant events affecting EPS (stock splits, repurchases, issuances) are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements
• EPS is used to calculate other financial ratios (price-to-earnings ratio, earnings yield) for further analysis
• Consistent presentation of EPS across periods allows for trend analysis and comparability

Segment Reporting Basics

• Segment reporting provides disaggregated financial information about a company's different business units or product lines
• Aims to give investors and analysts a more detailed understanding of a company's performance and risks
• Segments are identified based on the company's internal structure and how management makes operating decisions
• Reportable segments are determined based on quantitative thresholds (revenue, profit, assets) and qualitative factors (nature of products, production process, customer types)
• Segment information typically includes revenue, operating profit or loss, assets, liabilities, and other relevant metrics
• Helps stakeholders assess the performance, growth potential, and risks of individual business segments
• Allows for better comparison of a company's segments with those of its competitors

Identifying Reportable Segments

• Reportable segments are determined based on the "management approach," considering how the chief operating decision maker (CODM) allocates resources and assesses performance
• Quantitative thresholds for reportable segments:
  • Revenue test: Segment revenue (external and intersegment) is 10% or more of combined revenue of all operating segments
  • Profit or loss test: Segment's absolute profit or loss is 10% or more of the greater of the combined reported profit or combined reported loss of all operating segments
  • Assets test: Segment assets are 10% or more of the combined assets of all operating segments
• Qualitative factors consider the nature of products or services, production processes, customer types, distribution methods, and regulatory environments
• Segments below the quantitative thresholds may be separately reported if management believes the information is useful to users
• Segments not meeting the criteria for separate reporting are combined with other segments or included in an "all other" category
• The CODM's judgment plays a crucial role in determining reportable segments based on the company's specific circumstances

Disclosure Requirements for Segments

• Companies must disclose information about their reportable segments in the notes to the financial statements
• Disclosure includes a description of the products or services offered by each segment and the basis for segmentation
• Financial information reported for each segment:
  • Revenue from external customers and intersegment sales
  • Measure of segment profit or loss (as used by the CODM)
  • Segment assets and liabilities
  • Capital expenditures, depreciation, and amortization
  • Significant non-cash items (impairments, restructuring charges)
• Reconciliation of segment amounts to the consolidated financial statements is required to explain any differences
• Information about geographic areas, major customers, and products or services may also be disclosed if significant
• Comparative information for prior periods is presented to allow for trend analysis
• Changes in reportable segments or measurement methods are disclosed and prior period information is restated for comparability

Challenges & Limitations in Segment Reporting

• Identifying reportable segments can be subjective and may vary between companies, making comparability difficult
• The management approach relies on the judgment of the CODM, which may lead to inconsistencies in segment determination
• Allocating costs and assets to segments can be complex and may not fully reflect the true performance of each segment
• Segment information may be aggregated, limiting the level of detail available to users
• Companies may change their segment structure or reporting methods over time, affecting the comparability of historical data
• Segment disclosures may be less detailed than what is used internally by management, providing an incomplete picture
• Inconsistencies in segment reporting across companies within the same industry can hinder comparative analysis
• External factors (economic conditions, regulatory changes) may impact segments differently, making it challenging to assess true performance