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ACT Science Review

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The ACT Science section covers a wide range of scientific concepts and skills. From atomic structure to Newton's laws, and from the scientific method to data analysis, it tests your understanding of fundamental principles across various scientific disciplines. Mastering this section requires not only knowledge of key concepts but also the ability to interpret data, analyze experiments, and apply scientific reasoning. By focusing on these core areas and practicing with diverse question types, you'll be well-prepared for success on test day.

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Fiveable's ACT Science Section Overview: What's On It?

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ACT Science: Evaluation of Models, Inferences, & Experimental Results

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ACT Science: Interpretation of Data

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ACT Science: Scientific Investigation

unit review

Key Concepts and Theories

  • Understand the basic structure of an atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
    • Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus
    • Neutrons have no charge and are also located in the nucleus
    • Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus in shells
  • Differentiate between the types of chemical bonds such as ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds
  • Recognize the differences between acids and bases in terms of their pH values (acids have a pH below 7, while bases have a pH above 7)
  • Comprehend the concept of energy conservation states energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
  • Grasp the fundamentals of Newton's laws of motion
    • First law (law of inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
    • Second law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied
    • Third law (action-reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
  • Understand the process of photosynthesis in plants converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
  • Recognize the role of DNA as the genetic material responsible for storing and transmitting hereditary information

Scientific Method and Research Design

  • Familiarize yourself with the steps of the scientific method: observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion
  • Understand the importance of forming a testable hypothesis predicts the outcome of an experiment based on prior knowledge and observations
  • Recognize the difference between independent variables (manipulated by the researcher) and dependent variables (measured or observed)
  • Identify the role of a control group serves as a baseline for comparison and helps isolate the effect of the independent variable
  • Understand the concept of randomization in experimental design minimizes bias and ensures a representative sample
  • Appreciate the importance of replication in scientific studies increases reliability and allows for statistical analysis
  • Recognize the limitations of correlational studies cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships, only associations between variables

Data Analysis and Interpretation

  • Understand the difference between qualitative data (descriptive, non-numerical) and quantitative data (numerical, measurable)
  • Recognize the importance of using appropriate graphs and charts to visually represent data (bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts)
  • Interpret the meaning of measures of central tendency such as mean, median, and mode
    • Mean: The average value of a dataset, calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of data points
    • Median: The middle value in a dataset when arranged in ascending or descending order
    • Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a dataset
  • Understand the concept of standard deviation measures the spread or dispersion of data points from the mean
  • Identify outliers in a dataset and understand their potential impact on data analysis
  • Recognize the difference between correlation (relationship between variables) and causation (one variable directly affecting another)
  • Interpret the slope and y-intercept of a linear regression line in the context of the data

Lab Techniques and Equipment

  • Familiarize yourself with common lab equipment such as beakers, graduated cylinders, pipettes, and microscopes
  • Understand the proper use and maintenance of a microscope, including focusing techniques and slide preparation
  • Recognize the importance of using appropriate units of measurement (metric system) and significant figures in data collection and reporting
  • Demonstrate proficiency in basic lab techniques such as titration, filtration, and chromatography
    • Titration: A technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a known solution
    • Filtration: A method for separating solid particles from a liquid using a filter paper or membrane
    • Chromatography: A technique for separating mixtures based on the differential movement of components through a stationary phase
  • Understand the concept of spectrophotometry measures the absorbance or transmittance of light by a sample at specific wavelengths
  • Identify the role of a centrifuge in separating substances based on their density by rapid rotation
  • Recognize the importance of proper safety protocols in the lab, including wearing personal protective equipment (goggles, gloves, lab coats)

Real-World Applications

  • Understand the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture (genetically modified crops) and medicine (gene therapy)
  • Recognize the importance of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power in reducing dependence on fossil fuels
  • Identify the role of nanotechnology in developing new materials and devices at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers)
  • Appreciate the contributions of biotechnology in producing pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and biofuels
  • Understand the applications of chemistry in everyday life, such as in the production of plastics, detergents, and cosmetics
  • Recognize the importance of environmental science in addressing issues such as climate change, pollution, and conservation
  • Identify the role of forensic science in applying scientific principles to criminal investigations (DNA analysis, fingerprinting)

Common Misconceptions

  • Understand that not all scientific studies are equally reliable; it is important to evaluate the methodology, sample size, and potential biases
  • Recognize that correlation does not imply causation; just because two variables are related does not mean one causes the other
  • Dispel the myth that vaccines cause autism; numerous studies have shown no link between vaccines and autism spectrum disorders
  • Clarify the difference between weather (short-term atmospheric conditions) and climate (long-term patterns of weather in a specific area)
  • Understand that evolution is not a linear process with a predetermined goal; it is a result of natural selection acting on random genetic variations
  • Recognize that the term "theory" in science does not mean a guess or hypothesis; a scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on facts, laws, and tested hypotheses
  • Dispel the misconception that humans only use 10% of their brains; in reality, different parts of the brain are active during various tasks and processes

Study Tips and Exam Prep

  • Create a study schedule and stick to it, allocating sufficient time for each subject or topic
  • Use active recall techniques such as flashcards, practice tests, and teaching others to reinforce your understanding of key concepts
  • Focus on understanding the underlying principles and concepts rather than just memorizing facts and formulas
  • Practice solving a variety of problems and questions, including those from previous ACT exams
  • Identify your strengths and weaknesses, and allocate more study time to areas that need improvement
  • Collaborate with classmates or form study groups to discuss concepts, share ideas, and test each other's knowledge
  • Take care of your physical and mental well-being by getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, and managing stress through exercise and relaxation techniques

Further Reading and Resources

  • Refer to textbooks, course materials, and lecture notes as primary sources of information
  • Explore online educational resources such as Khan Academy, Crash Course, and OpenStax for additional explanations and practice problems
  • Utilize the official ACT website for study guides, practice tests, and tips specific to the ACT Science section
  • Read popular science magazines and websites such as Scientific American, National Geographic, and Science Daily to stay updated on current research and discoveries
  • Watch educational videos on YouTube channels such as SciShow, Veritasium, and MinuteEarth for engaging and informative content
  • Attend study sessions, workshops, or tutoring services offered by your school or local organizations for personalized guidance and support
  • Consult with your teacher, tutor, or academic advisor for specific recommendations based on your individual needs and goals
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