😵Abnormal Psychology Unit 7 – Trauma and Stressor–Related Disorders

What's This Unit All About?

• Focuses on the psychological impact of experiencing or witnessing traumatic events
• Examines how exposure to trauma can lead to the development of specific mental health disorders
• Explores the diagnostic criteria, symptoms, and treatment options for trauma and stressor-related disorders
• Discusses the prevalence of these disorders in various populations (military veterans, survivors of abuse)
• Highlights the importance of understanding trauma's effects on an individual's mental health and overall well-being
  • Traumatic experiences can have long-lasting consequences on a person's emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning
  • Recognizing and addressing trauma is crucial for promoting recovery and resilience

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Trauma
  • An event or series of events that are experienced as physically or emotionally harmful, threatening, or overwhelming
  • Can involve actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
• Stressor
  • A stimulus or event that causes significant stress or tension
  • Can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term)
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • A mental health condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event
  • Characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in mood and cognition, and alterations in arousal and reactivity
• Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
  • A short-term response to a traumatic event that occurs within one month of the event
  • Symptoms are similar to PTSD but may be less severe and have a shorter duration
• Adjustment Disorders
  • Emotional or behavioral symptoms that develop in response to an identifiable stressor (job loss, relationship problems)
  • Symptoms are more severe than expected and cause significant distress or impairment in functioning

Types of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Develops after exposure to a traumatic event (combat, sexual assault, natural disasters)
  • Symptoms persist for more than one month and cause significant distress or impairment
• Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
  • Occurs within one month of a traumatic event and lasts between 3 days and 1 month
  • Symptoms are similar to PTSD but may be less severe
• Adjustment Disorders
  • Develop in response to a stressful life event (divorce, financial difficulties)
  • Symptoms begin within three months of the stressor and last no longer than six months
• Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
  • Occurs in children who have experienced severe neglect or abuse
  • Characterized by a lack of attachment to caregivers and difficulty forming relationships
• Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
  • Also occurs in children with a history of neglect or abuse
  • Involves overly familiar or inappropriate social interactions with unfamiliar adults

Causes and Risk Factors

• Exposure to traumatic events
  • Experiencing or witnessing life-threatening situations, serious injury, or sexual violence
  • Repeated exposure to trauma (first responders, military personnel) increases risk
• Childhood adversity
  • Abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction during childhood can increase vulnerability to trauma-related disorders
• Lack of social support
  • Absence of a strong support system can hinder an individual's ability to cope with traumatic experiences
• Pre-existing mental health conditions
  • Having a history of anxiety, depression, or other mental health disorders may increase the likelihood of developing a trauma-related disorder
• Biological factors
  • Genetic predisposition and neurobiological differences may contribute to an individual's susceptibility to trauma-related disorders
• Coping mechanisms
  • Maladaptive coping strategies (substance abuse, avoidance) can exacerbate symptoms and hinder recovery

Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria

• Intrusion symptoms
  • Recurrent, involuntary, and distressing memories, dreams, or flashbacks related to the traumatic event
  • Intense psychological or physiological distress when exposed to reminders of the trauma
• Avoidance symptoms
  • Persistent efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or external reminders associated with the traumatic event
  • Avoidance of people, places, or activities that may trigger memories of the trauma
• Negative alterations in cognition and mood
  • Inability to remember important aspects of the traumatic event
  • Persistent negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world
  • Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others
  • Persistent negative emotional state (fear, anger, guilt, shame)
• Alterations in arousal and reactivity
  • Irritable or aggressive behavior
  • Reckless or self-destructive behavior
  • Hypervigilance and exaggerated startle response
  • Sleep disturbances and concentration difficulties

Treatment Approaches

• Psychotherapy
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to the trauma
  • Exposure therapy gradually exposes individuals to trauma-related stimuli to reduce fear and avoidance
  • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) uses bilateral stimulation to help process traumatic memories
• Medication
  • Antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs) can help alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety associated with trauma-related disorders
  • Anti-anxiety medications (benzodiazepines) may be used for short-term relief of severe anxiety symptoms
• Combination of psychotherapy and medication
  • Integrating both approaches can provide a more comprehensive treatment plan tailored to the individual's needs
• Support groups
  • Connecting with others who have experienced similar traumas can provide a sense of validation, understanding, and encouragement
• Self-care strategies
  • Engaging in relaxation techniques, exercise, and healthy coping mechanisms can help manage symptoms and promote overall well-being

Impact on Daily Life

• Interpersonal relationships
  • Trauma-related disorders can strain relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners
  • Individuals may struggle with trust, intimacy, and communication
• Occupational functioning
  • Symptoms can interfere with work performance, attendance, and job satisfaction
  • Individuals may have difficulty concentrating, meeting deadlines, or interacting with colleagues
• Social interactions
  • Avoidance behaviors and feelings of detachment can lead to social isolation and withdrawal
  • Individuals may struggle to engage in social activities or maintain friendships
• Physical health
  • Trauma-related disorders can contribute to chronic pain, sleep disturbances, and other physical health problems
  • Engaging in unhealthy coping mechanisms (substance abuse) can further compromise physical well-being
• Emotional well-being
  • Persistent negative emotions, such as fear, anger, and guilt, can significantly impact an individual's overall quality of life
  • Trauma-related disorders can increase the risk of developing other mental health conditions (depression, anxiety disorders)

Current Research and Future Directions

• Neurobiological underpinnings
  • Investigating the role of brain structures (amygdala, hippocampus) and neurotransmitter systems in the development and maintenance of trauma-related disorders
  • Examining the impact of trauma on brain development, particularly in children and adolescents
• Genetic and epigenetic factors
  • Exploring the influence of genetic variations and epigenetic modifications on an individual's susceptibility to trauma-related disorders
  • Identifying potential biomarkers that could aid in early detection and personalized treatment approaches
• Resilience and protective factors
  • Studying the characteristics and experiences that contribute to an individual's ability to cope with and recover from traumatic events
  • Developing interventions that promote resilience and enhance protective factors in at-risk populations
• Cultural considerations
  • Examining the impact of cultural beliefs, values, and practices on the experience and expression of trauma-related disorders
  • Adapting assessment tools and treatment approaches to be culturally sensitive and appropriate
• Technology-based interventions
  • Investigating the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy, mobile apps, and other technology-based interventions in treating trauma-related disorders
  • Exploring the potential of telemedicine to increase access to care for underserved populations