Open and Closed Systems

Isolated System: A type of closed system where neither matter nor energy can be exchanged with its surroundings. It is completely isolated from external influences.

Heat Transfer: The process by which thermal energy is exchanged between objects due to temperature differences. For example, heat transfers from hot coffee to a cold spoon when they touch.

Conservation Laws: Principles that state certain properties (such as mass, momentum, and angular momentum) remain constant in isolated systems unless acted upon by external forces.