Secondary Succession

Pioneer Species: Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize a disturbed area during secondary succession. They are usually hardy plants or lichens that can tolerate harsh conditions.

Climax Community: A climax community is the final stage of ecological succession where a stable and diverse community of plants and animals is established in an ecosystem.

Disturbance: Disturbance refers to any event or factor that disrupts an ecosystem, such as fires, hurricanes, human activities, or natural disasters.