Nutrient cycling refers to the movement and exchange of essential nutrients (such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) between living organisms and their environment.
Decomposition: The process by which organic matter is broken down into simpler substances by decomposers (like bacteria and fungi), releasing nutrients back into the environment.
Nitrogen Fixation: The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms that can be used by plants through biological or industrial processes.
Biogeochemical Cycles: The pathways through which elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water are circulated between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of ecosystems.
AP Environmental Science - 2.2 Ecosystem Services
AP Environmental Science - 9.8 Invasive Species
Which category of ecosystem services includes soil formation and nutrient cycling?
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