Umma refers to the community or nation of Muslims worldwide. It represents unity among Muslims regardless of their nationality or ethnicity.
Caliphate: A caliphate is an Islamic state led by a caliph who acts as both political and religious leader.
Hajj: Hajj is an annual pilgrimage to Mecca that every able-bodied Muslim is expected to undertake at least once in their lifetime.
Sharia Law: Sharia law refers to Islamic legal principles derived from religious texts that guide personal conduct and public affairs in some Muslim-majority countries.
AP Art History - 7.2 West Asia
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